Gillette - Developing and Introducing New Products Case Study

Gillette - Developing and Introducing New Products - Case Study Example With regard to developing and introducing new products, Gillette learned from the Wilkinson Sword and Bic experiences to keep ahead of the market by being proactive and searching for opportunities and demands that would satisfy the changing needs of the consumers. Gillette was slow in introducing coated stainless steel blades, despite knowing the technology, because by producing them, much of their manufacturing equipment would be obsolete. Further, they were hoping that the surge in consumer purchase for coated stainless steel blades would only be temporary and the market niche would be small. Therefore, firms making long-term investments in manufacturing and supply chain resources could face imminent threats of obsolescence due to technological breakthroughs and changing consumer demands and preferences.It is not enough for Gillette to simply design a razor that gives the â€Å"best shave possible† because new products emerge in the market due to technological developments a nd consumers have diverse needs that have to be addressed. There would always be threats of new entrants or product substitutes that could give the same advantage and added features. Therefore, manufacturing helps maintain Gillette’s market share by ensuring that ample research has been instituted that would make it difficult for competitors to copy the product and thereby give them the competitive advantage. By involving operations and supply chain personnel early in the development stage, various inputs and innovative ideas are taken into consideration in the design and planned development of new products. This would ensure that all necessary elements in product development have been considered and integrated with the process, prior to launching.

An Examination of Power and Politics in Organizations Essay Example for Free

An Examination of Power and Politics in Organizations Essay Abstract Many studies have examined the affects power and politics have on organizations. In researching The University of Phoenixs Online Library and current web sites information shows that power and politics dominates the work place and organizations more than any other personal skill. In order to lead one must have power to influence, set and enforce rules. Politics are found in the majority of organizations, therefore it is crucial for employees to recognize the political game in their own organization and decide rather to participate and benefit from the positives of politics or not. An Examination of Power and Politics in Organizations Power and politics are dominating forces with in organizations. Organizations are lead by people with power. Power can be awarded by management to a person by title, legitimate power which is more formal and recognizable. Many leaders assume power through such things as knowledge, information or seniority. Through research located online and knowledge obtained from personal experiences a comparison was conducted on power and politics in organizations. The structure of a team is important in determining how the team will perform. Each team member should contribute skills to enhance the teams overall performance. Individual work habits and leadership styles will determine if the team has the ability to join together and complete their common goals. Teams create environments that bring out the best in each team member. A commitment to effectively communicating information and ideas is a characteristic of an effective team. That is why the usage of coercion and politics to gain advantage over team members can be very destructive to team dynamics. Coercion is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary is to force one to act or think in a certain manner, to dominate, restrain, or control by force. Often at work or in a group environment one might utilize this form of power to control dominance  over the group. This usage of power can often make other team members conform. In a successful team conformity is not a useful tactic. The usage of politics and coercion to gain advantage over team members is a danger to the success of the project. Once team members realize that their input is not wanted more than likely they will withdraw from the process altogether. The USA today states, offices dynamics often change from the usage of intimidation. (2004) For example a team must work together to process information for the desired results. Once a member takes advantage of a situation and use coercion to gain advantage it often leads to disaster. An example of such disaster happened recently within our team. A couple classes ago we had a member that was an extremely dominant person. The person was very smart and well educated but had a problem understanding the syllabus. Everybody in the team would understand the group assignments one way but she would always play devil advocate on the simplest details. She would use coercion to gain advantage over the other team members when we would meet to complete group assignments. The entire team was guilty of just going with the flow, not wanting to cause any problem. She was so convincing we felt she had to be correct! The result was a low grade, because the content was not correct. So the team from that moment on did not allow that dominant personality use politics and power to manipulate the group any more. Organizational Behavior Ch. 15 pg. 3 defines power through information as; Information power is the access to and/or the control of information. It is one of the most important aspects of legitimacy. In the majority organization the person with the information controls the manner in which the company operates. Expert power is the ability to control through the possession of knowledge, experience, or judgment that the other person does not have but needs. This source of power is often used by subordinates. Judson, P. stated in Worldwide Energy although there are several directors and managers to organizations the experts of the business actually controls progress. In the public works and engineering department there are several directors and managers. Hierarchical authority has put several rules, guide lines and manuals together through information they obtain for employees to  follow when completing tasks and goals. Supervisors and employees who actually work in the field have the knowledge and experience; therefore tasks are completed in a different manner than the manuals implement. The knowledge subordinates obtain through actually doing the work gives them more power and control in decision made about the organization. Politics are in all organizations and employees are affected in some way by politics. As stated in by Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn, any study of power and influence inevitably leads to the subject of politics. For many, this word may conjure up thoughts of illicit deals, favors and special personal relationships. Although these actions are considered negative by the observer, the organization and the recipients view politics as positive. Organizations use politics to influence employees through promotions and rewards. The City of Houston Public Works and Engineering Department mainly promotes from with in the organization. This is a positive showing by management, because employees feel effort are rewarded. When you think of power and politics rarely are these images positive or inspiring. Corporate American today has fallen far from the one time logic that rewards are based simply on individual performance. Today more rewards are based on the managements need for power. This ability, power, to have someone else do something in the way you want it done and the precise time you need it done is an overwhelming and influential force. There are several types of ruling powers that are used in todays businesses. Perhaps, the most preferred by employees is known as the Reward Power. The Reward Power enables a manager to express their appreciation to an individual or group for a job well done by offering the employee or team members a bonus. Such pleasantries can be in the form of a pay increase, personal praise, or advancement within the company. Unlike the Coercive Reward, probably the most disliked by associates, is a system in which the person in charge uses punishment to rule. Examples of such authority could be the withholding of merit increases, denying a promotion, or even termination. Powers such as these are key elements to leadership success. Unfortunately, they seem to represent the seamy side of management (Schermerhorn, 2003). There are other powers used in organizational structures, such as legitimate, process,  informational and representative. These power all vary in pattern, however, none are as contrasting as the Reward versus Coercive Power. How do these managers gain this power? Some might believe that office politics and networking are major components. The saying its not what you know, but who, does not stand truer than in todays corporate environments. An example of networking took place a couple of years ago in our department. At the time of this occurrence, Sam was a Financial Administrator for the West Region. He held a reputation for one of the best managed financial divisions. It seems that Sam had built a special friendship with the Sales manager for that region and he would do allow special payments or exceptions for his market without proper documentation to help his numbers increase. These favors were soon shared with other salespeople from other markets, and Sam immediately became best of buddies with everyone. A few months later a position for a supervisor was opened and Sam immediately recruited his comrades to assist him in assuring this new position. His use of political power and networking is a prime example of the self absorbed need for dominance in todays managers. Ethical Persuasion and Legitimate Power can have a strong impact on teams, management and others alike. First, lets look at the definition of ethical persuasion and legitimate power. Ethical persuasion is behavior that is morally accepted as good and right (Schermerhorn, gloss, pg. 6). Legitimate power is the extent to which a manager can use the right of command to control other people (Schermerhorn, gloss, pg.12). Ethical Persuasion is very different from legitimate power because when a manger is demanding that you complete a task, the task may not always be ethical. Each one of these behaviors can affect a team in many ways. For example, a management team is assigned a task that involves investigating an employees work history to locate any negative infractions or practices in order to terminate the employee. In the investigating process you learn that this person is a single-mother barely able to feed her two children. However, the company cannot afford to keep her for financial reasons and needs to lay her off. There are five members in the management team that are working on this case and three of them are females, these ladies do not feel that they are  displaying ethical behavior and refuse to have anything to do with dismissing this single mother. In reality this woman has done nothing wrong, she was just the last one hired. In the meantime the CEO hears about the moral conflict and he gets very upset with the team members disobedience. Consequently, the CEO calls a meeting to let the management team know that he is the head of the company and team will do as he says whether they like it or not. If the team do not do as they are told, then they can give the single mother their positions because they will no longer be needed. In this situation the CEO is clearly using legitimate power, which is definitely not ethical; however, it is a job that still has to be done. Therefore, ethical behavior and legitimate power can and will eventually affect a management team. More often than not legitimate power will overrule ethical behavior. In conclusion research has proven sources of position and personal power, such as expert, information, reward, coercion and legitimate are used by employees to control, persuade and influence people and organizations. Politics are more commonly used by management to control and influence organizational behavior. Both politics and power have positive and negative affects on employees, organizations and communities. References Lindsey, L. B. (2004, July 14) Office Dynamic; Retrieved August 26, 2004 from University of Phoenix, EDSCO Host database, Website http://phoenix.edu//libraryresource Stum, D.L. Strategy and Leadership. Maslow Revisited. Building the Employee Commitment Pyramid Volume 29. University of Phoenix Custom Edition. Retrieved August 25, 2004, from ProQuest database. Judson, P. (2004) Advantages of Experts; Worldwide Energy. Vol. 15 Issue 8 p3. abstract retrieved August 28, 2004, from EBSCOhost data base Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. Osburn, R.N. (2003) Organizational Behavior New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Ch. 15 Power and Politics Pg 2-3

Odysseus: A Hero Essay -- Greek Gods Odysseus Sophocles Essays

Odysseus: A Hero Heroism was not an invention of the Greeks. Yet, through the first hundreds years of their civilization, the Greek literature has already given birth to highly polished and complex long epics that revolved around heroes. These literature works gave many possibilities of definition of heroism. The Greeks illustrated heroism to obey the rules laid down by the gods and goddesses, and those who obey the rules would gain honor and fame. The Greeks regarded intelligence as one of the highest gifts that all heroes must posses. The Greeks required that all heroes must have courage. Odysseus, one of the heroes of the epic "Odyssey" standout. He was constantly expected to be a true hero, always obey the rules laid down by the immortals, posses wisdom and courage. The Greeks believed that all heroes must always obey the Guest/Host relationship rule-- which all guests must treat the hosts with courtesy, and the host must treat the guests properly-- laid down by the gods and goddesses. Those who did not obey the rule would be punished severely. Odysseus throughout the epic, demonstrated that he obeyed the Guest/Host relationship rule. Odysseus always following the Guest/Host relationship rule, a characteristic that all heroes must have according to the Greeks' tradition . All heroes must followed the rule because if they did not, they would be punished by the immortals, and would not be recognized as heroes. When Odysseus reach the land of the Cyclops race. Odysseus decided to pick his best men, goods offered as gifts, and headed toward a Cyclops's cave. When his men saw cheese, pens, and lamb on lying on the racks, they pleading to Odysseus, "Why not take these cheeses, get them stowed, come back, throw all the pens, and make a run for it? We'll drive thekids and lambs aboard. We say put out again on good salt water!" Odysseus dismissed the suggestion, "I wished to see the cave man, and what he had to offer." Odysseus dismissed the suggestion of his men, and choose to wait to greet the Cyclops with the gifts as in the custom of the Guest/Host relationship rule. Those actions and sayings showed that Odysseus was always following Guest/Host relationship rule, an example for his men to look up to. Odysseus's actions spoke for his character. He posses the characteristic that meets the criteria of always obeying the rules... ... Throughout the epic, Odysseus was a hero. He had indeed pre-eminent qualities and much that were beyond the capacity of normal men. It was when problems come that these heroic traits emerged. When his men asked Odysseus to steal the goods from the Cyclops, which break the rule of Guest/Host relationship, he refused. He showed that he always obey the rules laid down by the immortals. When his men were turned into swine by the goddess Circe, he made Circe swore to reversed her action in trade for him to make love to her. He showed cunning. When Circe told him about Scylla and her unforgiving power, he asked how to fight Scylla to help his men avoid horrible deaths. He showed courage. We know him less from what he thought, which was seldom revealed, than by what he says and did, and his actions follow naturally from his characteristics. If the cunning of Odysseus is mentioned more than his courage , it was his courage that gets him into the scrapes from which his cunning had to deliver him. Odysseus had the all the qualities that the Greek tradition required of all heroes, which were obey the rules of gods, posses intelligence, and displayed courage. He was a hero.

How does Sushi reflect Japanese culture? Essay

Japanese people show great pride in their heritage and they use their food as a form of expression in order to show their cultural heritage. The Japanese focus on the small things in their cuisine that helps make such a large impact in the quality of the food. The country takes pride in their food and uses it for various symbolic reasons. Sushi and pride both have a large correlation in Japanese culture. Their attention to detail is also used as an advantage in order to show people all around the world as to why they are known for their wonderful cuisine. Sushi is pivotal in showing the identity of the Japanese people. Various factors play a role in sushi, such as; the geographical location of the country, the country’s history, its own culture, the aesthetics of the cuisine, and the global economy as a whole. The geographical location is a large reason as to why the country uses sushi in such a large amount of its fine cuisine. The country is largely surrounded by water and their main export also happens to be fish. Japan takes advantage of its geographical location by using its surroundings, the ocean, to the fullest. The geographical location of Japan also highly contributes to the countries own economy. Their main exports are agriculture and fish. Their rice fields and the use of the seaside help Japan’s economy tremendously. The country always manages to have a great harvest for their rice fields which increases the overall value of the rice, thus increasing the economy. Not only does this mean that the economy increases, but for the rice that they do hold on to, has excellent quality and will be applied to their cuisine. Applying better than average quality rice into their cuisine will also increase tourism to the country. Japan’s quality of food is known throughout the entire world and helps represent the Japanese culture as a whole. The history of Japanese cuisine also plays a large role in Japanese identity. The countries fish has a high value in the world market and are constantly able to receive fresh fish from their waters. The countries history has always consisted of sushi. Earlier ancestors use to dislike the taste of only the fish and wanted something to add onto the fish, thus  adding rice. This is very similar in how other various countries use bread as a way to help combat their meals as well. Throughout the country’s history, sushi began to appear in the west. As more sushi began to appear in other countries, the higher the demand became. As a result of high demand, tourism significantly increased and so did the export of fish. Other countries began to implement fish into their own cuisines and Japanese identity/culture began to spread all over the world. The late 20th century saw sushi gaining in popularity all over the world. The culture of the Japanese helped introduce sushi into Japan. Their religious affiliations, which were Buddhism, prevented them from eating meant. They saw animals as sacred beings with souls just like them. As a result, they refused to kill animals. The Japanese viewed fish as an alternative method because they were not allowed to harm other animals dude to their religious affiliation. Not only did fish become the staple of Japanese identity, so did rice. Rice has been around since the beginning of Japanese culture and still remains a staple of Japanese identity to this day. The combination of the two most consumed food in Japan led to sushi, which quickly spread to western countries. To this day Japanese identity/culture has a lot to do with the introduction of sushi in its history. The aesthetics of sushi also plays a large role in Japanese identity. No other countries have been able to create the quality of food as the Japanese do. The quality of the fish and the simplicity of the presentation of the product are like no other. The quality of ingredients plays a large role in their food, as it takes days to weeks in order to properly marinate their fish. The cooks refuse to distribute the food until they believe it is presentable in their eyes. The beauty of the presentation helps bring a unique style to sushi. The various colors, shapes, and texture help bring a unique element. The overall presentation of sushi is just beautiful, something that is hard to mimic. The overall eating experience of Japanese cuisine is a relaxed, almost spiritual experience, something that very few cultures have. Sushi overall is a true art. The presentation, taste, and experience as a whole help bring sushi to life, something that cannot be  replicated. Sushi today is the foundation of Japanese culture/identity and will always exist in the Japanese lifestyle. Sushi is not only a major export, but also something that the Japanese take great pride in. Japanese people show great pride in their heritage and they use their food as a form of expression in order to show their cultural heritage. It represents symbolism in the Japanese lifestyle and will continue to flourish in the future. Work Cited Allison, Anne 1991 Japanese Mothers and Bentos: The Lunch Box as Ideological State Apparatus. Anthropological Quarterly 64(4):195-208. Bestor, Theodore C. 2001. Supply-Side Sushi: Commodity, Market, and the Global City. American Anthropologist Volume 103 (1): 76-95. Jstor, www.jstor.org, November 22, 2010. Bestor (2001) Supply-Side Sushi Commodity Market and the Global City Bestor, Theodore C. 2005 How Sushi Went Global. In Cultural politics of Food and Eating; A Reader, edited by James L. Watson and Melissa L. Caldwell, pp.13-20. Blackwell, Oxford. Bestor, Theodore C. 2006 Kaiten –zushi and Konbini: Japanese Food Culture in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. In Fast Food/Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System, edited by Richard R. Wilk, pp.115-130. Altamira Press, Maryland. Casal, U. A. 1957 The Five Sacred Festivals of Ancient Japan: their symbolism and historical development. Sophia University, Tokyo Ceccarini, Rossella 2010 Food Studies and Sociology: A Review Focusing on Japan. AGLOS: Journal of Area-Based Global Studies 1:1-17. Durrenberger, E. Paul and Gà ­sli Pà ¡lsson 1987 Ownership at Sea: Fishing Territories and Access to Sea Resources. American Ethnologist. 14(3):508-522. Jstor 1993 Rice as self: Japanese identities through time. http://books.google.com/ accessed November 20. 2010. Goldburg, Rebecca and Rosamond Naylor 2005 Future Seascapes, Fishing, and Fish Farming. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 3(1):21-28. Jstor, http://jstor.org 1983 Microbiology of Oriental Fermented Foods. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.003043 accessed November 21 Kasulis, Thomas P. 1995 Sushi, Science, and Spirituality: Modern Japanese Philosophy and Its Views of Western Science. Philosophy East and West Volume 45(2): 227-248. Jstor. www.Jstor.org, November 22, 2010. Kegan, Paul 2001The History and Culture of Japanese food. New York. Routledge. Kegan, Paul. Loveday, Leo, and Satomi, Chiba 1998 Partaking with the Divine and Symbolizing the Societal: The Semiotics of Japanese Food and Drink. Semiotica 56(1-2):115-132. Google Scholar, http://scholar.google.com Magnuson, John J.; Carl Safina and Michael P. Sissenwine 2001 Whose Fish Are They Anyway?. Science. 293(5533):1267-1268. Jstor, http://jstor.org/ Mansfield, Becky

Proverbs for Cultivation of Minds Essay

Proverbs have been used in various cultures around the world: Chinese; English; and African are among the most common. According to Chinua Achebe in the book â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, African proverbs are described by the Igbo people as †the palm oil with which words are eaten.† In this culture, palm oil is a symbol of tradition and is commonly served at respected greetings and special events. When relating palm oil to proverbs, it shows that they too symbolize the same traditions and used for special circumstance to speak with great importance. Throughout â€Å"Things Fall Apart† various proverbs are used to teach the cause and effect of decisions, warn against certain events, and poetic words to find meaning. These types of proverbs are the most traditional and prominent ways of teaching in the Ibo culture. Another prominent way in the Igbo culture is trying to obtain a high rank. So, proverbs are used to explain what actions to execute to obtain such a thing.The saying ‘if a child washes his hands he could eat with kings,’ is an example of how Igbo culture uses proverbs to teach the culture the result of different ways of life. It does this by illustrating the privilege one can obtain when he surrounds himself with wealthy, wise, or dominant people in the culture, and mimicking mannerism they have. The cause, washing one’s hands, is following the mannerisms of the higher ranked individuals;the effect, eating with kings, is getting the privilege to be with those individuals. The book backs up its claim with the proverb ‘A man who pays respect to  the great paves the way for his own greatness.’ However, it is not always positive things that come of situations. It is thought to be one of the wisest things, in Igbo culture, to use a proverb as a warning. These proverbs state not only not to do something, but to ponder the results of doing whatever action that may be. In chapter eleven, the proverb ‘A man who makes trouble for others is also making trouble for himself,’ gives a clear example of a proverb saying ‘don’t make trouble for others,’ but also ‘the effect of that is one that is wanted.’ These proverbs tend to be very simplistic because they are intended to make  a person think about their actions, not the words or meaning of the proverb. Another example of a warning proverb is in chapter fifteen that states: ‘Never kill a man who says nothing.’ Proverbs used in this way have no need for a logical timeline of events or deep explanation because the words mean exactly what’s intended. Not all proverbs are clear in their meaning, however. These proverbs tend to be more poetic and metaphorical. All people learn in different ways, no matter what the culture. Some learn best by experience. Metaphorical proverbs are intended to use common scenarios to form general conclusions about life around them. The proverb ‘When a mother-cow is chewing grass its young ones watch its mouth,’ uses the commonality and understanding of a calf watching its mother eat, to explain that children often follow in the footsteps of their mother. The proverb does not state those words specifically, but when read, connections to watching one’s own mother do tasks, comes to mind. Proverbs that are more poetic can have similar meanings to other types of proverbs, just in a more creative way. Proverbs can be used to show cause and effect by stating direct result, can be used to  warn and provoke thought for certain actions, or be used metaphorically to encourage deeper meaning to an everyday situation. For these different reasons, proverbs are one of the most effective ways of teaching in the Igbo culture because each kind of proverb is explained various ways and supports different kinds of thinking. It is the result of the thinking that creates wisdom, wisdom that creates understanding, and understanding that makes a culture continue to grow in learn as time goes on; just like the Igbo culture.

Bromine Facts (Atomic Number 35 or Br)

Bromine Facts (Atomic Number 35 or Br) Bromine is a halogen element with atomic number 35 and element symbol Br.  At room temperature and pressure, it is one of the few liquid elements. Bromine is known for its brown color and characteristic acrid odor. Here is a collection of facts about the element: Bromine Atomic Data Atomic Number: 35 Symbol: Br Atomic Weight: 79.904 Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Word Origin: Greek bromos, which means stench Element Classification: Halogen Discovery: Antoine J. Balard (1826, France) Density (g/cc): 3.12 Melting Point ( °K): 265.9 Boiling Point ( °K): 331.9 Appearance: reddish-brown liquid, metallic luster in solid form Isotopes: There are 29 known isotopes of bromine ranging from Br-69 to Br-97. There are 2 stable isotopes: Br-79 (50.69% abundance) and Br-81 (49.31% abundance). Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 23.5 Covalent Radius (pm): 114 Ionic Radius: 47 (5e) 196 (-1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.473 (Br-Br) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 10.57 (Br-Br) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 29.56 (Br-Br) Pauling Negativity Number: 2.96 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1142.0 Oxidation States: 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 6.670 Magnetic Ordering: nonmagnetic Electrical Resistivity (20  °C): 7.8Ãâ€"1010 ÃŽ ©Ã‚ ·m Thermal Conductivity (300 K): 0.122 W ·m−1 ·K−1 CAS Registry Number: 7726-95-6 Bromine Trivia Bromine is named after the Greek word bromos meaning stench because bromine smells... stinky. Its a sharp, acrid odor thats hard to describe, but many people know the smell from the elements use in swimming pools.Bromine was nearly discovered by two other chemists before Antoine Jerome Balard published his discovery. The first was in 1825 by the German chemist Justus von Liebig. He was sent a sample of salt water to analyze from a nearby town. He thought the brown liquid he separated from the salt water was a simple mixture of iodine and chlorine. After he learned of Balards discovery, he went back and checked. His liquid was the newly discovered bromine. The other discoverer was a chemistry student named Carl Loewig. He separated the same brown liquid in 1825 from another sample of salt water. His professor asked him to prepare more of the brown liquid for further testing and soon learned of Balards bromine.Elemental bromine is a toxic substance and can cause corrosion burns when ex posed to skin. Inhalation can cause irritation, in low concentrations, or death, in high concentration. Although toxic as a pure element and in high doses, bromine is an essential element for animals. The bromide ion is a cofactor in collagen synthesis.In World War I, xylyl bromide and related bromine compound were used as poison gas.Compounds containing bromine in the -1 oxidation state are called bromides.Bromine is the tenth most abundant element in sea water with an abundance of 67.3 mg/L.Bromine is the 64th most abundant element in the Earths crust with an abundance of 2.4 mg/kg.At room temperature, elemental bromine is a reddish-brown liquid. The only other element that is a liquid at room temperature is mercury.Bromine is used in many fire retardant compounds. When brominated compounds burn, hydrobromic acid is produced. The acid acts as a flame retardant by interfering with the oxidation reaction of combustion. Nontoxic halomethane compounds, such as bromochloromethane and bromotrifluoromethane, are used in submarines and spacecraft. However, they are not generally useful becau se they are expensive and because they damage the ozone layer. Bromide compounds used to be used as sedatives and anticonvulsants. Specifically, sodium bromide and potassium bromide were used in the 19th and 20th century until they were replaced by chloral hydrate, which was in turn replaced by barbituates and other drugs.The ancient royal purple dye called Tyrian Purple is a bromine compound.Bromine was used in leaded fuels to help prevent engine knock in the form of ethylene bromide.Herbert Dow, founder of the Dow Chemical Company started his business separating bromine from brine waters of the Midwestern United States. Sources Duan, Defang; et al. (2007-09-26). Ab initio studies of solid bromine under high pressure. Physical Review B. 76 (10): 104113. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.104113Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.121. ISBN 1439855110.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). The discovery of the elements: XVII. The halogen family. Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915 Return to the Periodic Table

buy custom Modern Social Disorganization essay

buy custom Modern Social Disorganization essay According to Fadaei-Tehrani and Green (2002), regarding the issue of rational choice theory, it is noted that the offender makes a conscious decision to commit a crime using calculated risks. In doing so the offender takes a close look at the risks and the rewards of the crime being planned to be committed that is more often considered in terms of economic prospects (Fadaei-Tehrani and Green, 2002). The main reason for that is consideration of the economic model which is due to the fact that most of the offenders take a look at the economic benefits that they are likely to get and the probable options of making better living by executing their plans. The motivational factor of such crimes is the economic prospects. With such a motivation, it becomes likely that the offenders might utilize intimidation tactics or near-stealth tactic to execute their plans. They take time to plan how to execute their plans. Also, they plan mostly the clarity of their escape routes. In classical school of criminology, there is also the issue of punishment that is raised (Finnane, 2006). There is in-depth consideration of the punishments that the criminals are likely to be given in the event that they are caught (Finnane, 2006;Day and Vandiver, 2000). Offenders are more likely to involve themselves in criminal activities where they are likely to get smaller sentences in a court of law than gross crimes that have bigger sentences. For those who engage in gross crimes, they are more likely to do so as a large group like in the case of Nazi genocide against the Jews for which the society was made to believe that harassing, deporting, robbing and killing of Jews was an acceptable thing (Day and Vandiver, 2000). According to Fords (2011), biological positivism is a trait that is evident in that it makes the offenders or some regions to be more prone to crimes. Travis (2001) notes that the best way to understand biological positivism is to first have the most fundamental definition of a crime for which it is described as the social construct that is unconditionally meant to keep changing over time. This change happens across all cultural divides, just that the level of intensity varies greatly from one cultural setting to another (Travis, 2001). In Positivism, there is quantification of behavior which means that there is a higher probability of determining the likelihood occurrence of an offence and thus aid in proactive defense against the offense either directly from the offenders side or from the targets side. Thus, there is the possibility of reducing the occurrence of offences (Travis, 2001). This approach, however, suffers some challenges in that there is a higher possibility of scientific neutrality that is evidenced in the research (Travis, 2001). For example, it is clear that any research work that is done is mainly based on the observers perspective.Therefore, there is a possibility of the observer tainting the findings as well as a possibility of findings digression from the actual data as it should be done (Travis, 2001). Furthermore, the language that is used in the expression of the findings is observer oriented and thus influences the findings as per what the observer wants them to be (Travis, 2001). There is also the possibility of the determinism of the behavior in that there is disregard of moral choices by the observer as well as the creativity of the offender (Travis, 2001). This in essence shows why there is criticism of the theory which cannot quite be relied upon to provide the necessary data as required. Reintegration shaming is a concept that has been in application in different forms in the past and more so in the less developed African regions as well as the Asian region (Sakiyama, 2011). eintegration shaming is a concept where there is community mediation of relationship between an offender and a victim or a community that brings about restitution to such a person (Sakiyama, 2011). The application of this method in reintegration of the juvenile to the community brings a lot of benefits. To start with, there is a recorded increase in the level of victim satisfaction (Kim Gerber, 2011). This is made possible by the positive attitude that the offender acquires that motivates and brings some level of satisfaction to the victim (Kim Gerber, 2011). Depending on the kind of offense that the juvenile was charged with, there have been noted different outcomes on the attitudes (Kim Gerber, 2011). Since the reintegration also includes the active participation of the community, there is a possibility of a change in perception that the offenders might have. For example, instead of the offenders viewing themselves as gross criminals in a fragile society, they are able to view themselves as acceptable members of the society who had once gone wrong but now have changed for the better. This brings about repentance of the offender for the offence that they had done and the offenders even offering to repay the damages that they had caused to the victims or the society (Kim Gerber, 2011). This, however, is dependent on the degree of repentance in the juvenile offender (Kim Gerber, 2011). For example, it is noted that in African and Asian communities, the community takes an active role in the reintegration which involves the family, religi ous organizations and the community at large (Kim Gerber, 2011: Sakiyama, 2011). Reintegration is executed through the encounter and amends the process whereby the offender first admits committing the offense and then the offender understands why whatever they did was wrong (Sakiyama, 2011). This then leads to apology for the offense and subsequent quest for behavioral changes (Sakiyama, 2011). In this gaming scenario, the most applicable crime theory is the rational choice theory of crime causation (Fadaei-Tehrani and Green, 2002). The reason for this is because the player makes rational decisions in the game on how best to execute the animosity in the national school. There is a famous Chinese saying that says, what I hear I forget, what I see I remember, and what I do I understand. Children in school are good at experimenting with whatever they find to try. The national school shooting tour 2012 offers the best opportunity to load a gun and execute the plans. For example, in a scenario where a group of criminally motivated school children or academically dissatisfied children who would like to stop the progress of a school, the game gives multiple options on how to execute their intentions to destroy the school. Given a very applicable and well versed scenario, schoolchildren understand their learning environment much better while playing the game only raises their zeal to actuate the virtual warfare in their learning environment. Rationally there are children that have higher inclination to getting more challenging environments to commit crimes on a higher level and this game is giving the children that opportunity to play and weight their options of the possibility of executing their plans. Since their curiosity has been raised, some might even try to see how far the virtual war can be taken in actual settings. The routine activity theory is similar to the occurrence of a criminal activity related to the kind of work that an individual is used to doing on a day to day basis and the surrounding environment (Sutton, 2011). The routine activity theory is dependent on the prevailing pattern of activities that happen in the social divide during interaction on a daily basis as noted by Sutton (2011). For example, from mid twentieth century, it has been noted that the amount of hours that bllack women spend at home has greatly decreased and consequently the children have less time for interacting with their mothers (Sutton, 2011). This is related to the lesser number of role models that are available to the children and thus high likelihood to be involved in criminal activities (Sutton, 2011). This leads to social disorganization that raises opportunities for criminals to execute their options (Sutton, 2011; Zimmermann, 2007). Although the theory has some grounds and meets some fundamental scientific validation processes like the answering the questions of What? When? Why? and the like, it fails to pass the test for a good theory since it is hard to quantify the claims of the theory. The theory is mostly based on a generalized approach instead of actual process. The theory also fails the test the possibility of the theory predicting the possible outcome of a crime in a given region and thus it does not quite qualify to be a scientific theory and needs refining to adhere to scientific level. It has been noted that the anomie proposed by Merton is mainly based on the theoretical approach and misses the in-depth causative agents of the crime (Orcutt, 1983; Mizruchi, 1967). For example, on the one hand, in Mertons anomie, it is noted that the theory focuses on suicide, crime and delinquency from a general point of view (Orcutt, 1983; Mizruchi, 1967). On the other hand, considering the anomie by Durkheim, there is exemplification and quantification of the actual causes of these problems. This is evident where Durkheim details the cause of suicide rates as being attributed to egoism, anomie, and altruism as well as fatalism which individually can cause suicidal thoughts (Orcutt, 1983; Mizruchi, 1967). Durkheim supports his claims by application of historical data in the analysis and verification of the claims while in Merton this is exempted in the proposition (Orcutt, 1983; Mizruchi, 1967). Durkheim also includes the notion of the economic status of the surrounding to be a contributor to raise the criminal activity and intents as well as rapid shift in the economy that brings imbalance and, therefore, chaos. For example, after the occurrence of hurricane Katrina there was a noted increase in criminal activities since the economic prospects of the region changed too rapidly. According to Taylor (2001) and Jensen (2003), modern social disorganization is a criminological theory that attributed the current criminal variations that are experienced as well as delinquent behaviors in changing times. This occurs within stipulated territories especially those that are prone to criminal activities due to the likelihood of decrease in risk of being caught on the part of the offender and the likelihood of higher rewards after successful criminal activity (Taylor, 2001; Jensen, 2003). Modern social disorganization is happening more often due to the fact that people are working long hours and earning higher incomes with others having more than one job to help meet their needs. In return these people become better targets as they arrive home late and at times without company thus becoming the best prey to hunt. Traditional or classical social disorganization has been found only in women spending the day out of home while their children are left alone during the day. Currently, some parents arrive home when the children are fast asleep and leave home before they wake up and thus no role models are available to coach them in mannerism. Understanding modern social disorganization will help to understand the current increase in crimes in the urban areas like in big cities since there is less time spent with the children. They spend time with fellow children who spoil one another and engage in drug and substance abuse that might be a prerequisite of criminal activity participation. Buy custom Modern Social Disorganization essay

262 SAT Vocab Words You Must Know

262 SAT Vocab Words You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips A lot of students immediately think of vocabulary when they hear the word SAT. But are SAT vocab words really that important for doing well on the test? Kind of. If you’re aiming for a high score, you’ll definitely want to spend some time learning key SAT words. In this guide, we give you a comprehensive list of 262 of the most common SAT vocabulary words. We also explain how vocab is tested on the SAT, what types of questions you’ll see, and how to get the most out of your vocab prep. How Is Vocabulary Tested on the SAT? The SAT underwent a significant redesign in 2016, and since then vocabulary has become a far less important part of the test. This is because there are fewer vocabulary questions on the current SAT than there were on the old SAT. That said, it'll still benefit you to study vocab, especially if you're aiming for a high or perfect score. All SAT words are about medium difficultyand aretested in the context of reading passages, so you’ll get not just a sentence but an entire paragraph or passage to work with. Context clues make memorizing SAT vocab words less important on the current SAT than it was on the old SAT, back when you had to memorize dozens of obscure words and answer questions that dealt with isolated sentences (these were called Sentence Completion problems).This made vocab questions particularly hard since you were given minimal context with which to solve them. What Do SAT Vocabulary Questions Look Like? Purely vocabulary-based questions don’t make up a large part of the SAT. Based on our analysis of official SAT practice tests,13% of the Reading section (or about seven questions) ask you to match a word with its correct meaning.We call theseWords in Contextquestions. For these questions, you'll need to know alternative meanings of relatively common words, such as â€Å"directly† and â€Å"hold.† While you mightcome across slightly more difficult SAT words, you generally shouldn’t see any as hard as those on the old SAT. Here's an example of a Reading vocabulary question (with the relevant part of the passage shown): Source: Official SAT Practice Test #1 In addition to Words in Context questions, you’ll getquestions that require you to pick a single word or phrase in order to paraphrase or clarify part of a passage.With these questions, you must understand what allthe SAT vocab words mean so that you can choose the right answer. Here are some examples of these questions: A sample SAT question with single vocab words as answer choices. (Source: Official SAT Practice Test #1) A sample SAT question with phrases as answer choices. (Source: Official SAT Practice Test #2) In these examples, you'll need to know the definitions of a variety of SAT vocabulary words, such as â€Å"substantiated,† â€Å"freewheeling,† and â€Å"scandalous,† so that you can select the right answer choice. Are There Any Vocab Questions on SAT Writing? Aside from the Reading section, are there any SAT vocab questions on the Writing and Language section? The quick answer is yes- you will see vocab questions on Writing and Language. While most questions in this section focus on grammar, transitions, and tense, you'll also get some vocab questions that ask you to replace SAT words in a passage; we call thesePrecision questions. In total, you’ll get three Precision questions, making upabout 7% of the SAT Writing section. Here's an example of a Precision question (with the relevant part of the passage shown): Source: Official SAT Practice Test #2 262 SAT Vocab Words You’re Bound to See on Test Day Now that you know what kinds of vocab questions are on the SAT, let's go over the 262 words and definitions we suggest memorizing if you want to get high scores on SAT Reading and Writing. To compile this list, we dug through all official SAT practice tests, looking atboth the Reading and Writing sections (and not just the questions but the answer choices and passages, too).We also looked at SAT words from other online vocab lists. Though you don’t need to memorize all the words below, familiarizing yourself with most of them should help you better identify the tones of passages and make you more efficient at interpreting and answering questions correctly on SAT Reading and Writing. Below, we give you each word, its part of speech, its definition, and an example sentence (or more if the word has multiple definitions/parts of speech). All words are listed in alphabetical order. Word Definition Example Sentence Abate v. to become less active, less intense, or less in amount As I began my speech, my feelings of nervousness quickly abated. Abstract adj. existing purely in the mind; not representing actual reality Julie had trouble understanding the appeal of the abstract painting. Abysmal adj. extremely bad I got an abysmal grade on my research paper! Accordingly adv. in accordance with All students must behave accordingly. Acquisition n. the act of gaining a skill or possession of something Language acquisition is easier for kids than it is for adults. Adapt v. to make suit a new purpose v. to accommodate oneself to a new condition, setting, or situation The US has adapted many foreign foods to better suit the tastes of Americans. Dogs are known for their ability to quickly adapt to their environments. Adept adj. having knowledge or skill (usu. in a particular area) Beth loves playing the piano, but she’s especially adept at the violin. Adequate adj. having sufficient qualifications to meet a specific task or purpose Though his resume was adequate, the company doubted whether he’d be a good fit. Advent n. the arrival or creation of something (usu. historic) The world has never been the same since the advent of the light bulb. Adversarial adj. relating to hostile opposition An adversarial attitude will make you many enemies in life. Advocate n.someone who promotes or defends something v. to defend or promote something (usu. a belief, theory, opinion, etc.) I am anadvocatefor free higher education. Environmental protesters often advocate for cleaner energy practices. Aesthetic adj. relating to beauty or refined taste The aesthetic decorations at the wedding reception made you feel as if you were a character in a fairy tale. Afford v. to be able to buy v. to be able to spare He’s saving money so he can afford to buy a new car. I can’t afford to lose any more pencils! Agitate v. to promote something (usu. a cause) They’re agitating for better health care. Allow v. to permit or consent to US law allows citizens to speak freely. Allude v. to make a secretive mention of something She alluded to the problem at hand but didn’t say anything more about it. Altercation n. a noisy argument or confrontation Greg got into an altercation with a stranger at the bar. Ambiguous adj. unclear or vague in meaning Her ambiguous statement made me question whether she could be trusted. Ambitious adj. having a powerful desire for success or achievement Penny is so ambitious, she wants to be president someday. Ambivalence n. the state of being uncertain or stuck between two or more options His ambivalence prevented him from immediately signing the contract. Analogous adj. similar but not identical Green onions are considered analogous to spring onions. Annihilate v. to destroy or cause devastating destruction The dictator sent orders to annihilate the group of rebels. Anomaly n. something different from the norm This result is an anomaly and very rarely happens. Anticipate v. assume to be likely to happen The party was just as fun as I had anticipated it would be. Antipathy n. a strong feeling of dislike Her antipathy toward the professor was obvious: she rolled her eyes whenever he entered the classroom. Apex n. the highest point of something The spring play was the apex of our school year. Apprehension n. fearful expectation of something Her apprehension to leave her house resulted in her missing the train. Articulate v. to clearly express in words She articulated her opinion on the price of the house. Artificial adj. something made; not occurring naturally Many candies use artificial flavors to make them taste fruity. Assertion n. a strong declaration His assertion that sharks are mammals made everyone laugh. Austere adj. extremely plain adj. stern and forbidding adj. relating to self-denial He lived in a small, austere cabin in the middle of the woods. My boss had an austere expression on her face. An austere lifestyle, like that of monks, isn’t for everybody. Authenticity n. the quality of being real and true instead of fake and contrived The police officer doubted the authenticity of the suspect’s story. Avenue n. an intangible path or approach to something The company has decided to pursue other avenues. Avid adj. actively interested in or enthusiastic about something Gerald is an avid soccer fan. Basic adj. relating to the foundation or basis of something You have to start with basic Russian before you can move on to the advanced level. Bear v. to have as a characteristic v. to have (a child) v. to bring forth v. to put up with She bears a strong resemblance to your mother. Judy will bear her first child last year. My garden is going to bear pumpkins this year. I can’t bear her complaining any longer! Benevolent adj. kind, generous Many cultures believe in benevolent spirits. Bias n. a preconception that prevents objectivity It’s important to avoid bias when investigating a crime. Bittersweet adj. tinged with a feeling of sadness The ending of the romance movie was bittersweet. Bolster v. to support, strengthen, or fortify If we work together, we should be able to lift and then bolster the couch. Boost n.an increase or growth v. to increase or make grow Theboostin profits was a welcome change. In order to boost profits, you need to cater to your customers. Brawl n. an intense, loud fight v. to fight loudly and disruptively A brawl broke out at school today after one student accused another of cheating. The two students brawled for an hour. Brevity n. the quality of being brief or terse The brevity of their time together made it all the more romantic. Candid adj. direct, blunt Josh is candid about his desire to become an actor. Candor n. the trait of being honest and frank I admire her candor, especially when nobody else bothers to speak up. Capitalize v. to use to your advantage I’d like to capitalize on your math skills by having your work the cash register. Capture v. to trap or take possession of v. to successfully represent or imitate v. to captivate, mesmerize v. to catch or seize The spy was captured by the enemy. Your painting beautifully captures the ephemerality of life. I was captured by her beauty. The cops captured the criminal three days after the incident. Civic adj. relating to the city or citizens Voting is a civic duty. Clinical adj. emotionally unattached (usu. used in medical or scientific setting) Her clinical approach to situations allows her to handle them more effectively. Clout n. special advantage or power Children of rich and famous people often believe they have a lot of clout. Coarse adj. indicating a rough texture adj.lacking refinement or sophistication The horse’s mane was coarse, as if it had never been washed. The queen’s coarse way of speaking surprised the other members of royalty. Coincide v. to happen at the same time It wasn’t until after I booked my ticket that I realized the concert coincided with my finals. Commission n. the use of payment to request something (e.g., a service or product) This painting was commissioned by a rich merchant in 1589. Comparable adj. able to be compared This novel is comparable to Huckleberry Finn. Competent adj. sufficiently qualified We need to hire a competent web developer to create a good website for our company. Complacent adj. satisfied, with no desire to change or improve Though he had never won any awards or even been published, he was complacent with his life as a poet. Complement v. to make perfect or complete This wine perfectly complements this platter of gourmet cheese. Concede v. to be forced to agree or surrender v. to admit to a transgression With no chance of winning the battle, the army at last conceded. Dan conceded to pranking his sister. Conceive v. to imagine or come up with The plan to build the city was originally conceived in the early 1900s. Condone v. to overlook, approve, or allow She couldn't condone her daughter's rebellious behavior. Conducive adj. able to bring about or be suitable for The noisy students hardly made the campus library conducive to studying. Conduct v. to control or manage v. to behave a certain way The group conducted their research abroad last year. Be sure to conduct yourself accordingly. Confide v. to share something secretive with someone She confided all of her biggest secrets in her best friend. Confine v. to put limits on; to restrict We are going to confine the use of this drinking fountain. Consensus n. overall agreement After weeks of debating, the panel finally came to a consensus. Constitute v. to form or compose (part of) something The desire for equality constituted the civil rights movement. Contemplate v. to think deeply about She contemplated telling her teacher about the cheating student. Contend v. to maintain or assert (an opinion) The president contends that the US government will not negotiate with terrorists. Contradict v. to be in contrast with The camera footage contradicts his alibi. Controversial adj. highly debatable and causing contention Millions of viewers watched the controversial debate take place. Conventional adj. abiding by accepted standards She lives a conventional life in the suburbs. Convey v. to pass on or transfer (information) I have trouble conveying my thoughts in French. Conviction n. a firm belief in something Her religious convictions prevent her from eating meat. Corroborate v. to provide evidence for; to back up (a claim) The note signed by her father corroborates her claim that she was absent from class that day. Counteract v. to work in opposition to This ingredient seems to counteract the other ones. Counterargument n. an argument used to criticize or dismantle another argument Make sure to include a counterargument in your essay so that you can show you’ve considered the topic from all perspectives. Counterproductive adj. hindering the achievement of a goal Bill’s idea to take a shortcut was ultimately counterproductive: it took us twice as long to get to the train station. Culmination n. the final act or climax The culmination of the performance was unforgettable. Cultivate v. to foster the growth of Teachers don’t just pass on new information to students- they cultivate their academic potential. Decree v. to declare formally and with authority The president decreed that Halloween would henceforth be a national holiday. Deference n. respect; regard Her deference to the elderly makes her the perfect candidate for an internship at the retirement center. Deficient adj. not enough in degree or amount I feel as though the sources for my paper are deficient. Demonstrate v. to do as an example v. gives evidence for Could you demonstrate the dance move for me? This book’s use of words such as â€Å"grim† and â€Å"bleak† demonstrates the author’s mournful tone. Demur v. to object to She demurred at my request to transfer to a different department. Deplete v. to (over)use over time (usu. resources) The lost campers quickly depleted their supply of food. Desolate adj.bare, barren, empty The moon is one giant,desolate landscape. Devise v. to come up with (a plan) Lana devised a plan to make herself famous. Dilemma n. a problem, usually requiring a choice between two options The main dilemma is whether to pay for a commercial or not. Diligence n. conscientiousness; the quality of being committed to a task Diligence and confidence will get you far in life. Diminish v. to become smaller in scope or degree The itchiness of mosquito bites usually starts to diminish after a few days. Dire adj. hopeless and dangerous or fearful When the police didn’t explain what was happening right away, Jane knew that the situation must be dire. Discord n.disagreement Disputes over money caused intensediscordin the family. Disdain n. a lack of respect and strong dislike (toward something or someone) He looked at me with such disdain that I immediately knew the job wouldn’t work out. Dismay n.hopelessness, stress, or consternation v. to fill with woe or apprehension To Nick’s dismay, he got an F on the test. Many were dismayed by the town’s implementation of metered parking. Disparage v. to belittle or speak down to A good boss is stern but never disparages his or her employees. Dispatch v. to send off a message or messenger The mother dispatched her daughter to their neighbor’s house. Diversification n. the act of becoming diverse Lately, there’s been noticeable diversification of students at higher institutions. Doctrine n. a principle, theory, or position, usu. advocated by a religion or gov’t Devoutly religious people often live their lives according to their doctrines. Dominion n. power and authority (usu. over a territory) n. a legal territory The country claimed to have dominion over parts of Russia. Puerto Rico is a dominion of the US. Dreary adj. sad, gloomy, dull The gray clouds in the sky made the day feel dreary. Dubious adj. doubtful, questionable The man’s claims to the throne were dubious since nobody knew where he’d come from. Eccentric adj. peculiar or odd; deviating from the norm She’s a little eccentric but still fun to be around. Egregious adj. extremely bad After cheating on the exam, Emily began to feel as though she’d made an egregious mistake. Eloquent adj. having refined or expressive communication skills (in speaking or writing) His speech was not only eloquent but also extremely compelling. Eminent adj. superior or distinguished; high in position or status Our town made news when the eminent magician came to perform at our local theater. Emit v. to discharge, give forth, or release Plants consume carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. Emphatic adj. very expressive; using emphasis Her emphatic smile told me she was excited to ride the roller coaster. Empirical adj. derived from experience, observation, or an experiment You need empirical evidence to support your claim. Endow v. to equip or bestow (usu. a quality or ability) According to the myth, the gods endowed him with the gift of healing. Endure v. to withstand, sustain, or hold out against I can’t endure this wait any longer. Will Stanford accept or reject me? Entail v. to involve or include A doctoral program entails long nights and a heavy workload. Entrenched adj. firmly established Her face will forever be entrenched in my memory. Enumerate v. to specify or count I can’t enumerate how many times I’ve had to remind my students when their papers are due. Envy n. excessive jealousy v. to admire and be jealous of His envy of her is quite obvious. She envies her coworker's social skills. Erratic adj. having no fixed course; deviating from the norm The car became erratic after slipping on ice. Establish v. to enact v. to found (a business, group, school, etc.) They established a law that made it illegal to drive after drinking any amount of alcohol. Our group established a new branch in Chicago. Evoke v. to draw forth or call up Horror movies are great at evoking fear. Exacerbate v. to make worse or increase the severity of The doctor told me not to run as it can exacerbate my knee injury. Excel v. to do something extremely well or to be superior in She was a well-rounded student but excelled especially in science. Exert v. to put into use (usu. as effort) Don’t exert all of your energy at once. Exhilarating adj. invigorating, stimulating, or exciting The music playing at the club was catchy and exhilarating. Expend v. to use up (as in energy or money) Be careful not to expend all your energy in the first half of a marathon. Exploit v. to use selfishly or for profit The shoddy company exploited its workers by paying them extremely low wages. Facilitate v. to aid the progress of In grad school, advisors facilitate students’ research and offer constructive criticism. Feasibility n. the practicality or possibility of something The feasibility of her project was doubtful; she’d have to go all the way to Antarctica and back before the school year ended. Ferocity n. viciousness, violence The lion is just one wild animal known for its ferocity. Fiscal adj.related to (government) money Fiscal policy is how the government uses money to influence the economy. Flourish v. to prosper, grow, or make fast progress After one year, the tiny plants had flourished into a breathtaking garden. Fluctuate v. to be unstable; to rise and fall Stocks can fluctuate on a daily basis, making it difficult to determine when to buy or sell one. Foment v.to stir up The civilians accused their leader offomentingpolitical unrest. Foreseeable adj. capable of being predicted or anticipated I can't imagine aliens visiting us in the foreseeable future. Frankly adv. directly, clearly I frankly don’t see the point in learning to drive. Freewheeling adj. carefree His freewheeling attitude often got him in trouble at work. Fundamental adj. the most essential or most basic part A thesis is arguably the most fundamental part of an essay. Galvanizing adj. thrilling, exciting, stimulating The galvanizing performance left everyone spellbound. Geriatric adj. relating to old age I became interested in geriatric medicine shortly after my grandfather passed away from cancer. Hostile adj. harmful, dangerous The voices around the corner sounded angry, hostile even. Hypothetical adj. supposed; related to a hypothesis For my physics homework, I must come up with a hypothetical situation. Ignominious adj.publicly shameful or humiliating The politician's expensive campaign ultimately ended inignominious defeat. Impart v. to transmit, bestow, or disclose Parents must impart common sense to their children. Impartiality n. the equal and objective treatment of opposing views To ensure impartiality, we require everyone to follow these general guidelines. Imposing adj. impressive (esp. in size or appearance) The old mansion was imposing in its huge size and gothic architecture. Imposition n. an unnecessary burden If it’s not too much of an imposition, could you proofread my paper? Imprudent adj. not cautious or prudent; rash Backpacking abroad can be fun, but don’t be imprudent about money. Incite v. to encourage or stir up Her hateful words incited anger in the crowd. Indifference n. apathy, emotional detachment The girl’s indifference toward her brother upset their parents. Indiscriminately adv. randomly; with little or no distinction Lottery winners are chosen indiscriminately. Indulge v. to give into; to satisfy or gratify My friend loves to indulge in cheesy romance movies. Infer v. to guess, conclude, or derive by reasoning You can infer from this quotation that the writer didn’t care for â€Å"pretty† language. Innovative adj. novel or new (esp. as an idea or invention) Her invention was incredibly innovative and won her multiple awards. Insatiable adj. can’t be satisfied A vampire’s thirst for blood is said to be insatiable. Inversion n. a reversal The culture’s norms were an inversion of our own. Invoke v. to call on; to appeal to (e.g., a higher power) The shaman attempted to invoke a demon. Irreconcilable adj. incapable of being in harmony or agreed upon The couple’s differences were ultimately irreconcilable, giving them no choice but to break up. Lament v. to feel sorrow for; to mourn Susan lamented her missed chance at going to Europe with her high school class. Locomotion n. movement Physics involves the study of locomotion. Lucrative adj. capable of making a lot of money; profitable Writing books isn’t a particularly lucrative career, unless you’re J.K. Rowling. Malicious adj. harmful, spiteful The malicious spirit drove out the inhabitants from their home. Malleable adj. capable of being molded or changed Children’s minds are malleable but only for so long. Materialistic adj. superficial; focus on material possessions Many people accuse Americans of being materialistic. Melodramatic adj. extravagant or exaggerated (as of a melodrama) The melodramatic play was well liked by the audience. Modest adj. simple and humble adj. small in size or amount They moved into a modest house in the countryside. I received a modest sum of money for my help at the company event. Modify v. to change, alter, or tweak Dr. Nguyen modified the gene so that it wouldn’t carry the disease. Momentous adj. historically significant Her win in the election was momentous. Novel adj. new, innovative We are looking for novel ways to approach the project. Nuance n. asubtle difference in meaning Body-language experts even understand the nuances of facial expressions. Null adj. legally void and ineffective The government declared their marriage null. Objectivity n. judgment based on observations instead of emotions or opinions In scientific research, objectivity is of utmost importance. Obsolete adj. no longer used; rare or uncommon Historians assumed record players would be obsolete by now, but in fact they’re making a huge comeback. Omnipotent adj. almighty and all powerful Gods are omnipotent beings who can control human destiny. Onset n. the beginning or early stages At the onset of her career as a lawyer, things were looking up. Opine v. to openly express an opinion The new employee opined at the company meeting. Ornate adj. highly detailed and decorated That ornate silverware must be worth thousands of dollars! Oust v. to remove or force out of (usu. a position or office) Sick and tired of putting up with his bad moods, the pirates ousted their captain. Paramount adj. predominant, superior, most important Our paramount concern is the safety of our employees. Peculiar adj. strange, bizarre Upon entering the abandoned house, Kate experienced a peculiar feeling, as if someone was watching her. Perish v. to die; to pass away According to the news, nobody perished in the fire. Persecute v. to cause suffering to They will persecute anyone who doesn’t agree with their views of the world. Petulant adj.cranky, pouty, irritable Petulant children are especially difficult to care for. Pinnacle n. highest level or degree Many believe that composers such as Beethoven and Mozart represent the pinnacle of classical music. Pitiable adj. deserving pity The frail-looking dog was pitiable, so I gave it some food and took it inside to care for it. Plausible adj. reasonable and possibly true Her story is plausible, but that doesn’t mean she’s telling the truth. Postulate v. to assert The literary critic postulates that romanticism and naturalism are actually interconnected. Potent adj. having great influence adj. having a strong, chemical effect The bald eagle is a potent symbol of the US. The potion was definitely potent- it healed my wounds immediately! Pragmatic adj. practical, useful It’s not necessarily more pragmatic to study engineering than it is to study philosophy. Precedent n. an example or subject from earlier in time This change in law is without historical precedent. Predecessor n. someone who comes before you (usu. in position or office) My predecessor gave me many tips for running the office. Prescribe v. to command orders v. to issue authorization for medications The directions for our essay prescribe a length of at least ten pages. A doctor must prescribe you this medication before you can begin taking it. Principle n. basic truth, assumption, or rule Remember the universal principle: treat others as you want them to treat you. Prohibit v. to command against, to outlaw Alcohol was prohibited in the US in the 1920s. Prompt adj.punctual, on time n.a cue to begin something; instructions v. to incite, propel, or cause to act She is alwayspromptwhen it comes to turning in her homework. I had to write an essay based on aprompt. The possibility of a scholarship prompted him to apply to Harvard. Promulgate v. to put into law or formally declare The ruler will at last promulgate an amnesty with the neighboring countries. Prosecute v. to bring criminal action against someone (in a trial) The suspect was prosecuted yesterday. Provocative adj. intending to provoke, inspire, or arouse Her nude paintings are considered quite provocative. Qualitative adj. involving qualities of something (features and content) I noticed a qualitative change in her paintings. Quantitative adj. involving quantities (numbers and amounts) We must conduct a quantitative analysis. Quirk n. a strange habit His biggest quirk is his love of old marbles. Ramify v. to split into two or more branches Cars ramified throughout the world in the twentieth century. Rash adj. without attention to danger or risk Her rash decision to pass the car nearly resulted in a crash. Raw adj. unrefined adj. not processed; uncooked (as in food) He’s got raw talent as a singer, but he needs to work on his performance skills. In some countries, such as Japan, it is normal to eat raw fish. Readily adv. right away and without difficulty Water was readily available at different points in the race. Reconsideration n. thinking again about a previously made choice The judges’ reconsideration of her performance resulted in her victory. Reform n. a change for the better; improvement v. to improve via change The reform made it so that only those 18 and older can legally drive. The government reformed its vague policies on marijuana use. Refute v. to prove to be untrue, unfounded, or incorrect The student refuted the professor’s claim in class. Reinforce v. to strengthen or add support to We can use these pipes to reinforce the structure. Reluctantly adv. somewhat unwillingly Max reluctantly agreed to see the horror movie with his friends. Renounce v. to give up (usu. power or a position) v. to cast off Our CEO renounced her position yesterday. He renounced his friend after he caught her stealing money from him. Reproach v. to criticize The mother reproached her daughter’s school for making students come in during a blizzard. Repudiate v. to refuse to recognize as true v. to cast off The father repudiated his son’s marriage. She repudiated her son once she found out he’d married someone without telling her. Retention n. the act of keeping something Water retention can make you weigh more on certain days. Satiated adj. satisfied (usu. in hunger) I felt satiated after eating a snack. Savvy adj. having practical intelligence or knowledge My brother is not very savvy when it comes to using public transportation. Scandalous adj. morally offensive, often causing damage to one’s reputation The scandalous politician decided it was best to resign from office. Scorn v. to look down on with disdain It’s difficult for me not to scorn those who use improper grammar. Scrupulous adj. paying great attention to detail I am a scrupulous proofreader and never miss an error. Scrutinize v. to examine carefully and critically The teacher scrutinized her students’ essays. Secrete v. to produce or release (a substance) Trees secrete a sticky substance called sap. Sentiment n. opinion n. a tender or moving gesture I am of the sentiment that you should never give out your passwords to anyone. Even though I’m not a big fan of porcelain dolls, I appreciated the sentiment. Sheer adj. so thin that light can shine through The curtains on the window were so sheer you could clearly see inside the house. Simple adj. easy; not complex adj. undecorated This math problem is so simple even a first grader can solve it. The simple beauty of the ocean is what makes it memorable. Sinister adj. ominous, evil Medieval peasants believed sinister demons could harm humans. Solidarity n. the joining of commonalities or common purposes among a group I stood in solidarity with other female students by refusing to wear the school’s sexist uniform. Sparingly adv. insufficiently, meagerly, or in a restricted manner Due to my condition, I must eat salt sparingly. Spawn v. to release eggs v. to call forth or generate Frogs typically spawn in ponds. The topic spawned an ongoing debate among his family members. Spur v. to stimulate or incite Her bravery spurred others to act. Squalid adj. run-down, sordid, or sleazy The squalid cabin needed a new roof and an exterminator. Stark adj. very plain; devoid of any details or features Looking out at the stark landscape, I felt a keen sense of isolation. Static adj. motionless adj. changeless The ball is static. Her life has been static for the past three years. Subordinate adj. lower in rank n. someone lower in rank v. to make dependent on or put at a lower rank The subordinate officers work every day. My subordinate will check you in. You aren’t my boss- you can’t subordinate me to the role of receptionist! Subsequently adv. happening later or after something I subsequently went home. Substantial adj. very large in amount or degree I was shocked to find a substantial amount of money beneath the park bench. Substantiate v. to strengthen with new evidence or facts It is important for scientists to substantiate their theories whenever possible. Subtle adj. hard to detect or analyze I detected in her expression a subtle hint of irritation. Sufficient adj. enough; just meeting a requirement These boxes should be sufficient for our move. Surly adj. unfriendly; inclined to anger The bartender was a surly fellow who wasn’t afraid to start a fight. Surmount v.to get on top of or overcome They managed to surmount the language barrier by using a translation app. Susceptible adj. to be vulnerable (to something) Children are more susceptible to certain illnesses than adults are. Tactful adj. skilled at dealing with people Her tactful attitude toward our class made her one of my favorite teachers. Taut adj. pulled tight The rubberband was taut and ready to be fired. Teeming adj. abundantly filled (usu. with living organisms) Doorknobs are not as clean as they look and are often teeming with germs. Temperament n. usual mood or feelings She had a hostile temperament, making her intimidating to most people. Tentative adj. not yet finalized We haven’t made any official arrangements yet, but the tentative location for our wedding is Hawaii. Transparent adj. see-through; so thin that light can shine through adj. truthful or easy to perceive Stained window glass isn’t as transparent as regular window glass is. She was transparent about her plans to end her marriage. Treacherous adj. dangerous and unstable The journey was becoming treacherous, but they continued on regardless. Tremendous adj. very large, good, or bad in degree or size Tremendous news! You don’t have to repay your loans! Ubiquitous adj.being everywhere at once Cell phones are ubiquitous these days. Unadorned adj. undecorated, plain Though the dress was cheap and unadorned, it was by far her favorite one on the rack. Undermine v. to weaken or subvert (usu. gradually or secretly) Parents should take care not to constantly undermine their children. Underscore v. to emphasize or give additional weight to This sentence seems to underscore the overall meaning of the passage. Undulate v. to move as ripples or in a wavy pattern Belly dancers are known for their ability to skillfully undulate their stomachs. Unilateral adj. one-sided The unilateral decision was deemed unfair by the other party involved. Unjust adj. unfair; not justified The court’s decision is unjust- he should not go free. Unmitigated adj. downright, utter, total My speech was an unmitigated disaster! Unprecedented adj. completely new and never having happened before; historic The number of protestors was unprecedented. Unveil v. to make visible; to reveal We plan to unveil our plans for the new company project on Sunday. Urge n.desire or impulse v. to encourage or persuade He had theurgeto tell his parents about his acceptance to Columbia but decided against it. She urged her sister to apply to Stanford. Validate v. to prove or declare valid Your selfish actions do not validate your feelings for me. Viability n. ability to be done in a practical or useful way The viability of the solution is questionable. Vital adj. urgently necessary It is vital that you respond by the deadline. Vow v. to promise My brother quickly broke his vow to never eat chocolate again. Warrant v. to prove to be reasonable Wanting to look cool in front of your friends doesn’t warrant breaking the law. Yield n.production of an amount v. to give way to or surrender to v. to produce or supply The farmer’s annual pumpkinyieldexceeded 10,000. Cars turning right on red must yield to oncoming traffic. Our experiment yielded many unique-looking vegetables. How to Study SAT Words Effectively: 3 Essential Tips Now that you've got a huge list of SAT vocabulary words you can work with, what’s the best way to study them? Here are three key tips to help you get the most out of your SAT vocab studies. #1: Make Flashcards and Use the Waterfall Method One of the absolute best ways to study SAT vocab words is to make flashcards.This lets you control which SAT words you study and even randomizes them so that you don't accidentally memorize words in a predetermined order. We recommend using the waterfall methodto study your flashcards.With this method, you'll get to see all the words in your deck, going over the most challenging words more often than the ones you already know or sort of know. Here's how to use the waterfall method: Once you’ve made your flashcards, split them up into decks (you can put whatever words you want in these decks) of about 30-50 cards each. Choose one deck to be your Starting Stack. Go through your Starting Stack, looking at each and every card. For the words you know, put them in a Know It pile. For the words you don’t know, put them in a separate Struggled pile as so: Now, pick up your Struggled pile and go through each card in it (leave your Know It pile where it is). Put the cards you know in a second Know It pile and the ones you don’t know in a Struggled pile. You should now have two Know It piles and one Struggled pile: Repeat this process of picking up your Struggled pile and going through each card until you’re left with about one to five cards in your Struggled pile: By now you should know most, if not all, cards in your deck.But it isn’t enough to just go through them once- you also have to work back up your â€Å"waterfall† of cards. To do this, combine your Struggled pile with your last Know It pile (the pile closest to the Struggled pile). This will be your Working pile. Go through all the cards in this pile. If there are any words you forgot, go through the entire pile again and again until you've learned all the definitions in it. Continue this pattern by combining your current Working pile with the next Know It pile. Go through all these cards until you know each one. At the end, you should have made your way all the back to your original Starting Stack. You now know all the SAT words and their meanings in your deck!Repeat this waterfall method with the other decks you make so that you can learn even more critical SAT vocab words. #2: Focus On Words You Don’t Know If you don’t have time to study the entire list above or only want to learn some SAT words, use our list to make a new vocab list containing only the words you don’t know. So if you know a word or are fairly sure you’ll be able to recognize it on test day, skip it and instead focus onthe words you’ll have the most trouble remembering.Once you have your list, use the waterfall method to study it. If you’re not a fan of paper flashcards, you can opt for digital flashcards. Anki is a free software you can download and use to make your own flashcards. The program uses spaced-repetition software (SRS) to show you difficult cards more often than those you know (basically, a digital version of the waterfall method). #3: Take Official SAT Practice Tests Since the majority of the words in our list above come fromofficial SAT practice tests, once you’ve studied these SAT words, you can put your knowledge to the test by taking a practice test.This letsyou see whether you truly know the meanings of the words andwhether you’ll be able to get the right answers in the context of a full-length, timed test- just like the real SAT. If you miss any questions because you forgot the meaning of a word, go back over our SAT vocab words list using your flashcards and the waterfall method. The Best SAT Vocab Flashcards If you plan to make your own SAT vocab flashcards from our list, you'll needat least 300 blank index cards and a system to keep them organized. These basic cards are an affordable option that are also available infun colors. You can keep them organized with plastic baggies or rubber bands, or you can get an organizer. Alternatively, trythese easy-flip flashcardsthatinclude binder clips. Though we strongly recommend making your own flashcards, you can also buy pre-made ones. There aren't a lot of options for the new SAT. We'd recommend going withBarron's00 Words You Need to Know, a series of exercises to master key words andidioms, or Manhattan'sGRE flashcards if you're looking for a challenge. Conclusion: The Importance of Studying SAT Vocabulary Overall, vocabulary words don't play a huge part on the SAT. That said, you’ll definitely have some questions on both the Reading and Writing sections that test your knowledge of SAT words, so it’s important to study those most likely to appear on test day. The best way to study SAT vocabulary is to make flashcards and use the waterfall method. This ensures you know all the words in your deck and aren’t glossing over any difficult ones. If you don’t want to make flashcards or don’t have time to study the whole list, however, it’s a good idea to pick out the words you don’t know and study just those. With these, you can either make a smaller deck of paper flashcards or opt for digital flashcards. No matter how you choose to study SAT vocab words, be sure totest out what you’ve learned in the context of full-length practice tests. Nearly all the words in our list above come from official SAT practice tests, so you’re guaranteed to come across them in some form! What’s Next? Want more tips on how to study SAT vocabulary words? Check out our expert tips for memorizing SAT words fastand learn why the waterfall method works so well. Aiming for a high SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score? Take a peek at our in-depth guides to getting a perfect Reading score and learning how to read SAT passages. Taking the ACT instead? Then you'll need to know vocab for that test, too. Learn what words to expect on the ACT and how to study them. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Global operation and risk management of Qinetiq Group plc 01303 Essay - 1

Global operation and risk management of Qinetiq Group plc 01303 - Essay Example The company holds a business portfolio of military weapons and systems within mode of travelling including land, air and sea (QinetiQ, 2015b). According to QinetiQ (2014), the revenue of the company has been decreasing since 2011 such as 10.3% to  £m 1191.4 and with net loss of  £m12.7 in 2014. The reason is reduction in the expenditure of UK on defence equipment by 20% from 2007 and also other parts of the world (Clancy, 2014). Global company has major share in UK and USA. QinetiQ is considered for the assessment of performance and risk management due to its declining performance over last three years. Also the assessment of risk and risk management performance of the company will be reviewed. â€Å"Organic-plus† strategy drives QinetiQ’s with considering customers, people, innovation and productivity as core drivers (QinetiQ, 2014). Reported below financial trends of key indicators depicts continuous decline in performance (QinetiQ , 2014): The industry added value to the Europe via achieving turnover of 197.3 billion Euro in 2013 with the growth rate of 5.6% from military and civil sector (ASD, 2013). While, the information graphic report of Deloitte (2014), maintained that there will be decline in the Defense sector’s revenue while and increase in commercial sector is forecasted for future. It is anticipated that by 2023, commercial production level of aircrafts will witness 25% growth (Deloitte, 2014). CSC, however; forecasting challenges and only moderate growth near in the future (CSC, 2015). As depicted by the industry trends discussed above, the industry is highly flourished and developed with huge industry players base that fierce the competition level of the industry. Being the 6th largest in UK and operating in global environment the company possess a huge base of competitors including local and global players. According to Morningstar, direct competitors of QinetiQ are United technologies corp. and Boeing Co (Morning Star, 2015). However,

Baby talk Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Baby talk - Research Paper Example This paper presents an analysis of Baby talk. In particular, it presents 15 baby talk words from a chosen child named Firas who is aged 2 years and 5 months. Additionally, this paper presents a morphological, phonological and syntactic analysis of the baby talk words in the data list. This section of the research paper is structured with reference to Jones (1986), pages 178 to 180 in the East Cree Baby talk file. Finally, this paper presents a conclusion of the findings with reference to the chapter 11, First language acquisition, of the text book. Firas is Arabic, and is brought up with Arabian parents and caretaker in the Middle East. This baby talk represents the Arabic language which has been applied from the 19th century. The Arabic language is characterised with numerous examples of baby talk items that display pharyngeal spirants. However, these are commonly seen as elements that are acquired late in Arabic. For example, labial categorical are present in Arabic baby talk and could be the primary categorical to be acquired by the Arabic young children. This is regardless of the fact that they are insignificant at the adult stage. Phonology - entails the study of speech construction in a language, which includes the trend of fundamental speech elements and the established rules of how to pronounce words identified as phonology. The least element of sounds that compose a language is referred to phonemes. In particular, the word â€Å"Mbuwa† which is Firas’s Arabic baby talk word that stands for drink, consists of five phonemes, the â€Å"mb† stands for one phoneme /mb/, the â€Å"u† maps to the short sound/Ã… ­/, the â€Å"w† stands for /w/ and finally, â€Å"a† to its fundamental sound /ÄÆ'/. Morphology - is the advanced stage of language that entails the study of tiny elements of meaning –morphemes. Morphemes entail foundational words, such as, â€Å"Food†, â€Å"dog†

Critique essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Critique - Essay Example The duty of USA as the world’s superpower is to ensure security of Americans and the world in general. It is involved in wars that upset the world peaceful order. USA and other European allies persuaded Iran to drop nuclear and Uranium production to protect the civil stability existing in the country after many years of war. If US had vested interests in Iran, it would not have lifted the international sanctions regimes, Iran’s key oil ores, banking and financial sector. The country gets at least $4.2 billion profit from the oil sales which USA could benefit as a result of the war. USA would have retained Arak reactor instead of suggesting having the plutonium reduced to manageable levels. An article by BBC News reveals that there are still political constraints that will upset the success of the negotiations about nuclear programs. There is a possibility that Iran could go out for war as opposed to USA opting to strike it and halt the production of nuclear and uranium products. The trips of John Kerry and the US security officials have been fruitless. In an article written by Irene Chapple and Mark Thompson on CNN edition, the newly elected Iran president Rouhani maintains that Iran will continue to embrace the peaceful technology of nuclear weapons. The president had stated six months before Iran went into a peace deal with USA. The president changed his stance on nuclear weapons manufacture in Iran and supported the move to have the facilities inspected. There is a high likelihood that the same president can pursue war interests towards other countries other than USA. The essay states that the bone of contention between USA and Iran emanated from the perception that Iran could be pursuing war to revenge against the west. Iran could still spoil for war against Israel since the feud between the two countries has never been solved since 1979. Iran perceives Israel as an illegitimate state and has no right to exist. The article provides evidence that