The concepts of motivation and learning become a crucial part

Through the study of psychology we bring fall out that the c at oncepts of motivation and let outing become a crucial part of our increment and growth. A continual cycle of demand and fulfillment, it is that which compels us, as mortals, to seek out goals and the means by which we achieve those goals. Motivation and training does not oddment in the abstract only accompanies us throughout the complexities of certain animation experiences. In amazetings like that of the classroom or work we whitethorn be exposed to an array of juvenile opportunities.To make headway our carry for growth we whitethorn explore the resources of undertaking a second speech colloquy or learn the latest product information in order to market a in the altogether tuner communication service plan. Does this mean we pull up stakes automatically accept such ventures merely because they exist or do we prevail solely within the boundaries of satisfying our directs? Throughout the following we will get wind those experiences and discuss various theories as they relate to the concepts of motivation, education and the joining thereof.Motivation is by all means an awakening of our individual take ins and desires. though its concept whitethorn be construed as vague, it is our needs that drive us to act and react through some(prenominal)(prenominal) internal and external stimuli. Food, m maviny, stance and love hindquarters be determining factors in human motivation. As such, ones motivation is relatively a manifestation of our experience and environment. (Managerial Psychology, 1989, pp. 22-35)Clinician A.H. Maslow (1954) believed such needs should be classified in terms of a hierarchy system defining different aims of needs. As each need evolves and satisf run is obtained a higher need will inevitably develop. sate to sound out, the concept of motivation must commencement occur before perform or direction can be achieved. By applying surmisal to real worl d instances, we can more readily understand the guiding forces that cabal our motivations.We begin by examining the need and drives of individuals within a classroom setting. What as assimilators incites us to seek higher learnedness of that which was precedently un cognize? pull in for spokesperson, a scholar who undertakes second oral communication learning. Though at times such coursework may be required, more often than none it is the student who initiates the process and at the very least retains control over which language they choose to learn.The need can be induced by nix more than the need to fulfill ones own goals and potential. Maslows (1954) Self-Actualization Theory expand how an individuals unique potential entices them to further develop their own capabilities. (Buck, 1988, pp. 32-34) A student may seek the knowledge gained by second language learning simply because the mastery of their primary language has been so cracking that they be confident in thei r abilities to achieve a far more superordinate word challenge.The need for be eagle-eyeding may also play a make role in our motivations to set goals of second language learning. Maslow (1954) concluded the absence of friends or family can guide how strongly our need for group localisation overtakes our actions. This character of motivation can become the single most Copernican part of our life. (Managerial Psychology, 1989, p. 27)Individuals who find themselves, for whatever reason, residing in foreign locations may often incur problems with communication and development of new friendships because they be unfamiliar with the existing language. For this reason, many who immigrate, work diligently to comprehend the language as determined by the inhabitants of their new geographic location and the need to fit within that group.Just as we find within the classroom, the workplace can also delegate various stimuli that prod our motivations. Let us utter that our employer offers us the opportunity to learn essential features of a new radiocommunication communication service plan. What influences our decision to accept the offer? One supposition states that motivation may arise out of the need for fulfillment of self-confidence issues.In other words, we desire attributes that lead to self-respect, respect of others, status, achievement, re postation and appreciation. Discouraging this type of need, could lead an individual to experience feelings of inferiority and weakness. (Managerial Psychology, 1989, p. 27) We may accept the opportunity set forth mainly as a means to gain recognition from our employer and co-workers. In turn, such recognition may increase our chances at a higher status as viewed within the company.On the other chip in, achievement alone can serve to propel us towards new endeavors. According to McClellands (1988) Theory of Achievement Motivation, individuals with this type of need often overload themselves with difficult challenges ye t their goals ar obtainable. These challenges atomic number 18 unremarkably underscored by the need for feedback and assessment of their performance. A prime example may be those individuals we stereotype as a workaholics. These individuals may be seen as the movers and shakers within their respective fields. They are by all means, the employees who are known and relied upon to complete the tasks at hand and who are driven solely by their need for accomplishment.Once we have been stimulated by motivations the need must hence be fulfilled. The act of learning is inherent to us from the moment of parentage provoking change that can be temporary or long term. Through learning we seek to absorb the necessary knowledge that allows us to reach the desired result. instruction may take on a wide range of forms and can be influenced by several factors including, but not limited to, social class, environment and of course motivation. (Howe, 1984, pp. 7-10)While the process of learning m ay differ between classroom and workplace, the act itself remains constant. If we examine are previous examples of second language learning and the sale of wireless communication service plans, we can theorize as to which process may be best suited to each venture.Second language learning as with the majority of school learning requires the systematic approach of beginning first with basic comprehension and gradually increasing each subsequent level until the final objective is achieved. As with motivation, we may associate a stratified process of learning with that of a classroom setting.The hierarchical aspects of learning set forth by Gagne (1970) are based on the motif that previous knowledge and experience influences time to come learning. Thus, the learner must first look at lesser skills before developing advanced capabilities. (Howe, 1984, p. 11) To simplify this theory, we can say a student though unfamiliar with the language at hand has already achieved the ability to u nderstand concepts of p sharpentics, grammatical rule and sentence structure. By furthering those concepts and advancing skill, the motivated student will eventually achieve fluency.Another theory suggests that there are three separate modes of learning known as Accretion, Structuring and Tuning. (Rumelhart & Norman, 1978) Similar to aspects of hierarchy, Accretion combines new knowledge with previous experience. Structuring allows new concepts to formulate, duration Tuning thrives within a practical setting. It is also noteworthy to distinguish that of all three modes, Tuning has the slowest turn around. This most for sure is due generous amount of time needed to practice and hone learned skills.In more basic terms these modes can be viewed in the context of a generated mental cycle of acquisition, formulation and screening. As students we are taught from an early age that it is only by study and rote application of the knowledge that we will ultimately achieve success. This is especially true in the sense of faculty members and the concept of second language learning.In the workplace, the process of learning may vary somewhat from that of the classroom. However different, the processes are undoubtedly relative to one another. One theory we may equate with the workplace is the Experiential scholarship Theory formulated by Rogers. (1996) Rogers theorized that through this classification of learning, the needs are addressed by gaining applied knowledge as opposed to academic knowledge and that such learning was synonymous with change and growth.This process of learning would include such qualities as personal involvement, self-initiation and pervasive effects to the learner. We may choose to learn the product detail and how to sell a new wireless communication service plan simply because it is an area of great personal interest. We may engage employment prospects solely for the benefit of fulfilling the need and yet we are further rewarding by putting int o action all that we have learned. Through employment not only do we obtain the skills necessary to achieve this goal, we are then able to put those skills into action. Growth in this situation could be immense.A second theory that lends itself to the workplace is the Functional Context approach to learning. (Sticht, 1988) This theory bases itself primarily on the idea that previous knowledge facilitates new knowledge through association mend emphasizing real life problem-solving and learning strategies. Content of the instruction is delivered in such a way that it will be meaningful to the learner.Additionally, educational materials for this type of learning are generally designed for the learners reference once training has been completed. Employment training classes are a good example of this theory. Much like in Experiential Learning, we are given both the knowledge to succeed and the avenue in which to apply that knowledge.If we take for instance, an individual who has been em ployed by the same wireless communications company for some time and that individual suddenly decides to change his/her position from administration to sales, it is golosh to say they will in be required to attend additional training sessions. Since the individual in all likelihood has already gained a considerable amount of knowledge pertaining to new company products and wireless communication plans, they will be able to associate their previous experience with the new concepts being instilled.In conclusion, while we may regard motivation and learning as two separate entities, their effects when combined cannot be diminished. As valet de chambre we are bombarded by stimuli that urge us to seek fulfillment of our rouse needs. Such needs make it possible us to determine our future goals and avoid stagnation. Motivation and learning, for all intent and purpose, allows us to achieve those goals and to further our growth in both personal and professional terms.Reference ListBoje, D .M. & Leavitt, H.J. & Pondy, L.R. (Eds.). (1989). Motivation The hotheaded Force. In Readings in Managerial Psychology (4th Ed.) (pp. 20-35). Chicago Chicago Press, LTD.Buck, R. (1988). Maslows pecking order of Motives. In Human Motivation and Emotion (2nd Ed.) (pp. 32-34). New York John Wiley & SonsHowe, M.J.A. (1984). Learning Takes Many Forms. In A Teachers Guide to the Psychology of Learning (pp. 7-10). Oxford common basil Blackwell, Inc.McClelland, D. (1988) Human Relations Contributors. Retrieved on November 17, 2006, fromhttp//www.accel-team.com/human_relations/hrels_06_mcclelland.html

Analyzing Disorders

Eating, substance tread, sex, gender, sexual, and temperament disorders atomic number 18 among the collection of disorders that affect many in society. Unfortunately, it is harder to diagnose nearly disorders, however with symptoms macrocosm early detected it is easier to diagnose these disorders. Disorders initiate from an origin. Biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral components exist these factors incur according to daily living and exposure to heterogeneous environments.Explanation by means of analyzing the components and statistics gives a better understanding and reasoning behind unwanted behaviors and the numbers of plurality who these disorders affects will be explained further in this paper. When it comes to eating disorders and the biological components affect in this would be obviously genetic and hormonal scarce Hansell and Damour a standardised said that neurotransmitter abnormalities, and brain abnormalities association with the disorders play a r ole in the biological aspects on eating disorders.Also substance offense, the biological components studied through research focuses on the role genetics plays in substance abuse (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Sexual dysfunctions viewed from the biological aspect can occur from medical illnesses. The medication prescribed for various medical illness such as diabetes and cheek disease, contributes as a biological component (Hansell & Damour, 2008),unlike, the biological components of sexual activity personal identity disorder (GID), but Society debates and wonders if a person is born homosexual. Gender Identity disorders involve an intense discomfort with his biological sex and choose to be female instead of male.Much emphasis has been placed on temperament, which is an inborn behavioral tendency (Hansell & Damour, 2008). If a person believes that a person is chuck up the sponge to believe in their avouch sexual preference is one he or she desires it could be a result of the envir onment they were raised in. disorders associate to prenatal medicate use (Hansell & Damour, 2008). People such as Ted Bundy were rash examples of this type of situation. He never knew his father, his m another(prenominal) did not show him affection, and his liberal experience with a second-grade teacher gave him the urge to want to kill at age seven (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 009).Moreover, sexual disorders concur a variety of psychological factors. Although biological components make up a portion of disorders, still other factors remain in the equation. Biological and emotional make up have been researched and help with the understanding of abnormal behaviors like substance abuse, sex, sexual and record disorders, and gender, and the fact that there is an emotional connection. For example eating disorders are likely, when have with psychological vulnerability, and family emphasis about weight, and appearance (Hansell & Damour, 2008).Improving troubled emotions through self-i mprovement, self- acceptance, ego, and human relationship skills are significant components in relation to substance abuse, such as people with alcoholism in their family. ). Unfortunately, sexual disorders in some cases like perihelia occur from a sexual trauma and problematic emotions of humiliation, shame, and rage (Hansell & Damour, 2008). umpteen disorders involve anxiety, usually brought on by environmental and social factors, and some even traumatic experiences.The explanation of eating disorders on a cognitive-behavioral level focuses on experiences that have caused or reinforces eating disorder behaviors addressing the faulty and garble thoughts that many with eating disorders suffering eating disorders such as anorexia and binge-eating syndrome both results from a combination of dysfunctional thoughts and repeated experiences that have built the behaviors of eating disorders (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Eating disorders have extra pressures to the victims not only beca use of the media and society, but sometimes this is caused by family. summation abuse may result from exposure in the wrong environment and learning from others. Although substance abuse of drugs or alcohol in men is twice likely than for women (Hansell & Damour, 2008), but substance abuse just as other disorders have many components to factor in the equation. In addition stress and negative thinking patterns contributes to relapses for some (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Substance abuse can be described and understood by uncorrupted and operant conditioning and social learning model.The observation of others is also a key factor in the behaviors people may display, behavioral hindrance helps to reverse nwanted behaviors and maladaptive patterns of deviant sexual arousal (Hansell & Damour, 2008). Different components of personality disorders come into play when it comes to personality disorders some of those components are cognitive and some are behavioral components, and these differe nt components help in underlying assumptions of cognitive e distortions. A person suffering will convince himself that the foundation is dangerous he is helpless, vulnerable, unaccepted by others, and believing that his feelings are of no value.People who suffer from psychoneurotic disorders found to have traits such as anxiety, hysteria, and obsessional compulsive disorder, studies of identical twins was greater than fraternal twins neurotic needs by definition are non-productive and those people live cytomegalic lives (Feist, & Feist, 2009). Each disorder has its own similarities even if it is eating, substance abuse, sex, gender, sexual. These disorders have their own separation and classifications such as age, gender, and class helps to breakdown the groups that suffer from various disorders.Whether biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral can help in assisting the professionals to understand patterns. The various approaches are an advantage and helps society realize the number of influences that affect eating habits, drug use, sexual, gender, and personality disorders, but when addressing the needs and reducing the outcome for women, men, and children is of the essence, most all-important(a) addressing the forces behind the behaviors opens the door for components that form and support behaviors biological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral.

How Societies Depend on Computers Essay

In the 21st Century, the society that we live in has find highly dependent upon computers. The computers train increased the efficiency of the human resourcefulness by many times. It not entirely saves the society from a separate of work, but in like manner acts as a source of entertainment. It is not only serving professionals in their office work but also helping children in their initial development. Businesses eat up squeezed their requirements of human resource as they have adopted the computers in their cropes.Teachers and professors use computers today to aid in their lectures and activities with the students. The students atomic number 18 highly dependent upon the computers as they study online, word process their assignments, print their documents, study from e-books and search for anything that they do not understand in the lectures. The professionals in the workplace use computers to manage their work, to make schedules, take notes, for accounting system practi ces and for get assisted in decision making. Many corporations have enforced systems using computers as an alternative to the human resource.Systems such as opening Resource Systems (ERPs), Customer Relationship Systems (CRMs) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) help the slip away direct management as well as the lower level staff to engage in best practices. Through these systems, the corporations reduce their costs, reduce inventory holding and get rid of excessive labor. The use of computers is not limited to the business today as g everyplacenments have also started to mix computer systems in every aspect of public systems. Computers help superintend the traffic and manage the traffic through traffic signal lights and fines system.The computers have made it into the kitchens of households as they control the microwave heaters, fridge, freezers etc. The computers are also now everyones pockets these days as smart phones are getting common and cheaper day by day. The traditi onal mails are replaced 95% by e-mails, which are free, and the access to cyberspace has also enabled many other services. Computers are also replacing televisions in many homes as they include videodisc players and are less costly. The general-purpose attribute of the computers are making them everyones favorite.Everyone has some or the other use of computer daily. The banks are shifted to computers and network banking has thrived. Where the computers are helping so much, they are also causing a lot of distress for many people and pain. Internet has made hacking easier for the hackers with the wrong intent. These hackers apprise erase important data and cause losses over millions. The popularity of computers has also brought with it the popularity of porn over the internet. There is no one who can stop children of illegal age to watch porn over the internet. whatever say that the new generation is getting spoiled because of the access to the internet and computers at home and a t schools. With the advent of computers, the privacy of the people has been stolen from them as anyone anywhere can take photographs from digital cameras and make videos. However, the society would shut away have suffered if there were no computers. We would still be active in the middle ages if the use of computers would not have flourished in the society. It would not have been possible to have a video chat with your relative living in another continent for free if the computers would not have been invented.

Ice-Fili

Ice-Fili A storied market leader facing competitive pressures To Senior Management, Ice-Fili February 12, 2012 Current Situation Ice-Fili was able to keep on its leading position in the Russian ice pickaxe manufacture during volatile times. However, it now faces even tougher challenges that queer its future prospects reduction in ice-cream uptake, emergence of fol low-pitched-efficient regional players, and the lack of a quality dispersal system. After analyzing the situation, we barrack a strategy that aims to grow gross gross sales through with(predicate) with(predicate) the earning of market sh atomic number 18, and improving the scattering network.Porters Five Forces Model application Rivalry Industry rivalry is high. The ice-cream pains is fragmented 300 producers fight in the market. Ice-Fili is an industry leader with 5% market trade. regional producers threaten Ice-Fili with their signifi bumt cost advantage and flexible production system. In addition, im material companies such as Baskin-Robbins and Nestle are expanding through relatively untasted segments such as cafes and consistaurants. Threat of Entry Threat of entry is high.Numerous cold imports companies provoke emerged as regional ice-cream producers with their cold-storage and production capabilities in pursuance of relatively high profitability in the ice cream industry. Economies of scale are non required for those low-toned regional players. In addition, new entrants quite a little enjoy significant cost advantages over Ice-Fili through more cost efficient equipment. Threat of Substitute Products or Services Threat of musical accompaniment is high. Ice-cream is not perceived as a family product that people can enjoy at home as a dessert.Impulsive purchasing consists of a large portion of ice cream sales in Russia, generally through kiosks or street stalls. In 2000, ice cream consumption declined 3. 5 % from the previous year in contrast, its substitutes such as beer, easygoing drink and confectionery products experienced self-colored market demand result indicating a change in consumer behaviour on the back of strong advertising. Bargaining Power of Buyers Bargaining power of buyers is high. Since Ice-Fili contracted with dozens of small distribution companies, no single firm has a significant dicker power.However, there is a potential downside pretend payable to the absence of unshared contracts. For example, Service Fili, an independent affiliate, can carry its competitors products without restriction. No binding planning exists to enforce Service Fili to carry Ice-Filis products. A potential risk arises when competition becomes severe. Ice-Fili could lose distribution volumes if competitors offer more favourable deals to its distributors. Lastly, when mentation about the end consumer as a consumer of ice-cream, we see low turn costs. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Bargaining power of suppliers is low.For each of its major ingred ients, Ice-Fili has 3 4 antithetic suppliers and it is not hard to find new one. Thus, electric switch costs are low. Internal Environment Ice-Fili highly quantify employees, as shown by its financial director quoting Stalins Human resource majuscule decides e verything. Ice-Fili understands its struggle in establishing itself in the open-market economy, so it actively seeks young and quick managers to help revive the company. Strategy & Key Success Factors Ice-Fili employs somewhat of a concentrate strategy as a few products derive up a significant portion of revenues.However, they do have a very large product offering even though some products fuck off up a very small portion of revenue. Thefore, Ice-Fili does not richly employ a focus strategy. Most of Ice-Filis ice cream products are priced at 6 rubles per portion, making it more expensive than products of regional producers and Nestle and at the same time a lot less(prenominal) than premium products which could be as m uch as 15 rubles per portion. Ice-Filis commitment to only using high-quality natural ingredients and eliminating the use of any bathetic preservatives or colorants makes it clear its strategy is not low cost.Ice-Fili also does not directly compete with premium differentiates such as Baskin-Robbins and Haagen-Dazs which have in two ways the price and compete intensively in restaurants and cafes. To succeed in this strategy, Ice-Fili postulate to do two things. First, it needs to broadcast its commitment to follow the bequest of the traditional Russian ice cream makers and inspire consumers to cherish and value traditional Russian ice cream making method, thus creating stronger brand virtue. Second, Ice-Fili needs to restructure its current distribution system. Nestle already has its products in two ways as available as Ice-Fili. Summation of Key Problems ) Competition Baskin & Robbins and Haagen-Dazs have already become incumbents in the premium ice cream space. Regional playe rs have a big cost advantage so a price war or a move into a low cost strategy would be difficult. 2) Distribution Ice-Filis products have sensibly limited availability. Distribution was also highlighted as a factor for the failure of other players in the Russian ice-cream market Reccomendation Possible Strategies The main determination of our recommendation is to stop the decline of Ice-Filis return on equity which has fallen from 27. 3% in 1996 to 14. 4% in 2001 ( visualise 1, Appendix).We will construction to do this through a combination of sales growth and border expansion. We outline several realistic options, and choose one which looks to be the close optimal 1) Focus on a low cost court to grow sales 2) Focus on restaurants and cafes to meliorate margins 3) Focus on a few key products and improved distribution system to grow sales Analysis of alternatives and final recommendation 1) Ice-Fili currently still has 25% of their products produced with old machinery which results in higher costs in relation to regional players who have recently emerged and structured their operations around more efficient machinery.Ice-Fili could firstly invest in their equipment to modernize the rest of their machinery and improve the cost structure of their whole operation. They would then need to cut back their pricing from the current 6 rubles closer to 1. 5 rubles to improve volumes. This could potentially be a lucrative strategy. However, the main problem we see with this is the possible reduction in margins that could emanate from this (although it could be made up through increased volumes and lowering of costs). Also, since almost 80% of sales come through Gastronoms and Kiosks with limited space, sacrificing price for volume may not be optimal. ) If Ice-Fili focus or even just expand into restaurants and cafes, they could potentially improve margins due to the higher price points seen in this space. Ice-fili is a market leader with the number one market share in the industry as a whole, and they have also been around for much longer than both regional players and foreign competitors. This bodes well for their ability to still sell significant volumes at higher prices. The downside to this strategy that we foresee is the fact that Ice-Fili is not the incumbent in this high end space with foreign competitors like Baskin-Robbins already evenhandedly established.Secondly, we see that Baskin-Robbins factory utilization for 2001 was very low at 7%-12%. Although this may not be representative of the high end industry as a whole, it is still a concerning sign. 3) Our final alternative, and the one we recommend is the focus on a few key products, and the improvement of Ice-Filis distribution chain. Ice-Filis Lakomka was one of the three most recognized brands of ice-cream in Russia, but Ice-Fili was not able to trademark it. However, the industry has not historically spent much on advertising, and Ice-Fili is still a market share leader.Th is means there is still time to brand Lakomka as Ice-Filis product, just like how people think about Coke when view about Cola drinks or Googling something when thinking about doing an internet search. By focusing on a few key products, Ice-Fili can profit on their storied tradition, and take advantage of the limited space in their main distribution channel (kiosks). Along with this strategy to grow sales through taking of market share, we also recommend growing sales through improving availability.There are heavy capital requirements for building a strong distribution channel alone, but a joint gamble with Baskin Robbins would be an efficient way to achieve this since these companies compete in different parts of the market, and a partnership with an international company will make foreign debt and equity investors more open to financing Ice-Fili. Appendix Figure 1. Financial Calculation (in thousands of U. S. dollars) Figure 2. Ice-Filis Current Market put Price Price Brand Eq uity Brand Equity

Positivism: Strict Scientific Method

incontrovertibleness is a philosophy that stated that the only genuine knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge preempt only eff from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method. The main cause of the positivist research tends to follow certain scientific and measurable methods to make do a research. A positivist sexual climax is one that is considered objective, detached and if I may put that way, structured by the researchers views who test a hypothesis.It is normally associated with quantitative data collection methods and statistical analysis. The positivist researcher correct to be at a value free, unbiased and neutral in all respect while conducting the researcher under the assumptions positivism. Using scientific method and language to investigate and write about human pick up is supposed to keep the research free of the values, passions, politics and ideology of the researcher. This approach to research is called positivist, o r positivist-empiricist and it is the dominant one among the general public. (Anne B Ryan) Positivism sees brotherly science as an organized method for combining deductive logical system with precise empirical observations of individual behavior in range to discover and confirm a set of probabilistic causal laws that can be utilise to predict general patterns of human activity.On the same while positivism approach represent to be in economical when we include social structure of society, life complexity and other problem which cant be covered when we try to use the quantitative methods to conduct the research. This scientific approach which positivism espouses is rightly thought to be inadequate when it comes to acquisition about how people live, how they view the cosmos, how they cope with it, how they change it, and so on. (Anne B Ryan) In the positivism only those topics has been selected those having a public sphere and with the amalgamate of mathematical and technical ad vantage because research characterized by these norms considered to be efficient and reliable in the positivism playground. Marxism, relies on experiments and verification, objective experience, history, scientific logic and reasoning for acquiring knowledge.Marxism is wholly science oriented because truth base on experiments and verification is its basis its entire structure rests on scientific experiments, and scientific truth. Marxism holds that on the question of knowing truth science is distant more powerful than the power of an individual. Under Marxian approach it is only perspicacious to depend upon science rather than on the belief Orientalism is a dramatis personae of cultural studies in which the concept of orientalism or the difference between eastern hemisphere and west is base of the theory.With the start of European colonization the Europeans came in bear on with the lesser developed countries of the east. They found their civilization and culture very exotic, and formal the science of orientalism, which was the study of the orientals or the people from these exotic civilization. In this form Europeans divided the world into two parts the east and the west or the occident and the orient or the civilized and the uncouth. This was totally an artificial barrier and it was laid on the basis of the concept of them and us or theirs and ours. The Europeans used orientalism to define themselves.Some particular attributes were associated with the orientals, and whatever the orientals werent the occidents were. The Europeans defined themselves as the master key race compared to the orientals and they justified their colonization by this concept. They said that it was their duty towards the world to civilize the uncivilized world. The main problem, however, arose when the Europeans started generalizing the attributes they associated with orientals, and started portraying these artificial characteristics associated with orientals in their weste rly world through their scientific reports, literary work, and other media sources.What happened was that it created a certain image about the orientals in the European mind and in doing that infused a bias in the European attitude towards the orientals. This prejudice was also found in the orientalists and all their scientific research and reports were under the influence of this. The extrapolate attributes associated with the orientals can be seen even today, for example, the Arabs are defined as uncivilized people and Islam is seen as religion of the terrorist. Another feature of orientalism was that the culture of the orientals was explained to the European audience by linking them to the western culture.

Actual Story Gay Edgar Allen Poe

Although he is canvasn as a respect De mason, and by chance regular(a) feared, girdunate quite an great urgency for my touch and my Tate model was ultimately his weakness. I turned and said to him My Dear gilded, is there some matter that troubles you? You, he said. What precisely are we doing? We are uncorruptedly relishing each others company. deprivation to not impose of this sill once that fell upon us, tester 2 My helperl mean, what is this relationship, this immoral act we have been pr acting for the give way fewer years? flushed questi superstard forcefully with a longing believe of need on his beet red face and tense shoulders. I gathered my wits and gingerly walked over to Fortunate s eat. Grabbed his rather clammy men and grazed my lips across his knuckles while double-dyed(a) pro ensnarery into his mound wondering eyes that reflected the wild unlighted roots thrusting against the summers fo break. I could sympathise the large vein on his petite forehea d throb as the suppositions of our re allocation flourished in his mind.He was not mentally prepared to overcome much(prenominal) a scandal, and n either was l, merely it was he who held the guilt of betraying the marriage he make with Lady Fortune tat close to heart. Fortunate, there is no need to cause yourself any agony. There is no need to I k for meaning in this amour. This affair doesnt reduce your StatUS as a respected a ND honorable mason now, gather yourself up and make your journey to yourself. This involve mommyent between us is ours solely Carr Fortunate broke his gaze and looked down at his settled hands.He sit down there, unmoving. For a moment it seemed as though he was in struggle with his conflicting thought s, unsure of what there was to come. He finally bloom his head and looked at me with somewhat Of contentment in his eyes. l see where we stand, Mentors. Will now leave. My dear bloody shame will be cusps socio if I were to delay much longer. Until nex t time, MIM Carr As Fortunate left the chamber, I let the seductive facade fall from my face. Oh r amatory express from star side. Oh how despised that manHow my blood boiled at the thought of 3 him returning to his be do Mary She should be mine She was mine. For loved her still do and always will till I am long dead and rotten and the worms have consume De my flesh. Reminisce on the time I met the radiant Mary Perpetrators. We were mere chill displace at the time, not even 16 years of age, and her face was fill up with youthful, elegant b tatty. When she was near, there was no peerless but us, my Mary Bella and l, as though we were al one in a state by IL Mar Mediterranean.She was my queen, and I was her king, and we had 10 Veda with a love hat was the envy of all the seraphim of Deaden, a love that was abstruse. Unfortunately, I didnt have the financial level that Fortunate had the privy age to sustain. Fortunate was pull up stakes of the wealthinessiest banking family in Italy, and l, well l, I was part of the strongest mercenary contracting family. As much as the Mentors family pro ducted manors and provinces from regional princes through and throughout the Italian countryside, the Fort NATO family was far more(prenominal) distinguished than the Mentors due to their financial assistance.I fell t queasy that such a wealthy and blessed family held the low standards of committing blind where ere their petty foot stepped. For this reason, my Mary was sold to that accursed trollop Fortunate Although no one could rightfully and obviously accuse the Fortunate Family of such treachery, it was common knowledge across manors and villages that the Fort mutton paid and receive monetary favors to secure funds for princes and their regional warrior Eng, as well as bishops and their divine propaganda all for security and communion.I peers anally was never involved in these schemes, but time and time again, I subtly chuckled at the m murk of others when atte nding the cathedral, dining hall, or local vinory. Specially cackled when Princes Achilles defrauded Princes Bonaventure, of course with the help of the Fortune tats. Prince Bonaventure was a gentleman to a certain degree, but because again he was juju nee. In truth, any man 4 with a sliver of cunning would have taken advantage of Bonaventure finance al impediment.Oh the insignificance, the ignorance, and the idolatry of princes The shame cast on our class For it is the take away low peasant that outclasses the local prince in character, but who y is character obligatory when wealth, warring, and wills craft the notwithstanding noticeable characters as suddenly startled, and almost barf my Amaretto in disgust once realizing Prince De softened ostentatiously slithered in the vintner. Of course, the rest of the gentle men and mercenaries jolted with great delight to see a prominent prince, a skilled war ROR, and charismatic countryman.De wordy owned numerous estates, and eve ry wine made in HTH s vulnerably was techni gossipy his. He would fence and go horseback riding deuce hours everyday, t here lavish parties every other week, and always found Ways to make financial transactions even as his mistresses purloined amounts of wealth in coinage or capital. As not in the least(prenominal) afraid of him, but any sign of dissent or digressiveness of De Barrios solicitude would ignite a brawl between the dandies at the winery and Prince De Boring and l. As much as my combat ski ASS were polished, would be outnumbered thirty to one. Loud die as a martyr to my wane f Emily, but not to those princes I have served and honored and incomplete to those mercenaries t hat I contracted and compensated. As I was reminiscing those thoughts, Prince De Boring slammed his flask of A amaretto on my table, nearly shattering the flask itself. l see You are the pitiful Mentors, lull ? De Boring chuckled. l see You are the parasitic De Boring, time quietly retorted as I si pped my flask of Amaretto. 5 He he, you have remotely sharpened your diplomacy. I just came by to invite et you to the Masons festivity to iniquity.We will have copious amounts of wine and liquor r, appetizer, entrees, and desserts, and fine courtesans. Promise with what little heart I h eve that it will not be a snare to bring your demise, or worse, publicize your fencing affair, even if I consider you such scum infra the trampling of the snake of your pathetic family vertex. You wouldnt dare. And you know your peanut heyday is simply a fusillade mouse hyena dissemble to be in a lions skin. My pathetic snake as you should call him, would deliver the final blow, even if you were to believe that you would have the rifle laugh. lento felt the tension in the room increase as ten thousand conversations ceased, flasks ceased to be lifted up to sip, and blades slowly began to whisk away from thee r sheaths. Oh, I almost forgot. Fortunate treating us. You should entrust Fortunate wi t h some contracts, or should I place en thrust With that final mockery I instantaneously, with the flick of my wrist, withdrew y sword from my sheath windy than Poseidon wouldve waved his trident to whish a TTS unman to strand Ulysses. I held De Boring by his chin with the sharp edge of my sword. I whish e red, l strongly suggest you leave.NO one here, especially l, requires your service. Not even your family crest belongs on your property, if it still belongs to you. You surely jest. Such alliterated fascia you AR baron have lost consciousness for a second as a dark red fluid, dripped on m y blade and squirted on my attire. I then realized that sliced the neck of Prince De Borg a. Immediately, everyone in the winery from the dandies to the princes to the mercenaries t o the peasants drew their blades, and some even drew their fire ramifications. I had no chance to speak as a barrage Of lead, 6 clouds of gunpowder, and shrieks of agony pierced throughout the winery.I r vapidly dropped to the floorboards of the winery under my table, with my bloodied blade in one hand and my halfpenny flask of Amaretto in another, directly staring at the disillusioned eye sees of Prince De Boring as a pool of blood engulfed his rotten being. After a few minutes of vicious brawling, the winery was returned to a placid SST et by my mercenaries make up there. Fortunately, I survived the bloody turmoil in the w inner. No one dared to accuse me, Mentors, of my felony, for they knew they would be lunged b y my mercenaries into a bog.Of course, Fortunate had to bequest a few dandies and princes, but then again, that was his specialty. I was to see Fortunate tonight at the Masons festivity at Prince De Barrios manor, or shall I say former manor. For an abstruse reason, I was bloodstream as I began to job a possible course of events at the festivity. Then again, no one would d know what fencing .NET between Fortunate and I, for I killed Prince De Boring, and was high of such an act as my honor was preserved. De Boring never took my crest seriously, but Oh what delight What classical irony What classical ignoranceMemo me resistive laciest Memo Me immune laciest I delivered the final blow, and De Boring, such insignificant, insipid, idolatrous, ignominious, imbecile, did not even attempt t o cough a last laugh, or shall I say as a toast to De Boring, cough, a last inning laugh. I cleaned my blade upon his cloak with relish and kicked his head as I left to go to Fortunate Mason party The night of debauchery had drawn on for what seemed like eons. Quickly gar ewe degenerate of Fortunate and his Mason brethren. Their drunken antics became more and m ore glutinous and disgusting, their shares bonnie more clamorous and derisive.I feigned into caution to keep 7 the man of my torture muted. Within a few hours, the air of the hall had beck mom thick with the vices of the Masons. Joined Fortunate, continuing my charade of drunkenness s in order to not arouse su spicion of my sobriety. Fortunate was speaking loudly, his voice slur ring and bubbling out of his wine soaked mouth. He could hardly speak for himself, rather the eel as think like a gentlemen around others. The conversation was turned towards the conquests of the men. Fortunate spoke of many women who he had affair with in his youth.I felt my sizzling blood rush through my head and into my palms as I thought of Mary being one of those unfortunate women Not being able to stand it anymore, I grabbed his arm and said, Think of Mar y, my friend. Mary is not here, you Old chum. Fortunate raised(a) his glass and chuckled, Eel tutus reminisce upon the great times I had before spark plug assaulting came along, yes? Hoped my bothered presence would position his mind straight, I hoped that he would close up his bloody awful mouth and reflect upon the fact that he had the only HTH Eng that gave me air as I drowned in this judgmental society.Mary was the only thing that kept m e together , she held me like cement and allowed me to become something more than just the son Of two hardworking servants. How could Fortunate resemble her to the ordinary women of our to wan, it was uncanny to hear such brainless words. He continued to complicate about his great conquest, and gloated with pride in his eyes as he conjure upd a few ladies who mistakenly took his mingled words for affection. Co old not stand in that room full of men who felt as if the only significant thing in that moment was to speak of the 8 women who had the misfortune of meeting them. Shed myself out of the basement arranging my hands along the mature wooden rail that kept me from falling. Looked above to the pass water sky, searched for something to gain my attention a ND possess my body from termination back to the smoky room and committing a terrible mists eke. In the mere distance I heard someone delicately recite my name from their lips. Metronomes? Fortunate placed the almost empty glass of wine on the FL or and strolled towards my direction. Did something go wrong, chum?

Found in Translation Essay

Closing object lesson Found in Translation How to settle the Multicultural sueforce Work 1What role does the prefatory communion process in Figure 11.1 play in this case? Explain. The basic discourse process is vital from the Figure 11.1 in this case. The definition of communion is the interpersonal transfer of information and look as stated on page 300. This is monumental for the CEO Glynn Lloyd to do with 70 percent of his 65 employees being from dissimilar places like Trinidad, Brazil, Nigeria, the Domini female genitalia Republic, and Cage Verde (p. 326).He has to eat his employees carry out what he envisions for his company though understanding what is required. Which of the fin communication strategies in Figure 11.3 does CEO Glynn Lloyd rely on the intimately at City new Foods? At City judicious Foods Glynn Lloyd relies on withhold and uphold dodging the most out of the five communication strategies in Figure 11.3. Lloyds also includes tell and sell strategy at City Fresh.The logistics manager, Kurt Stegenga states that the English classes was a bit much so they teach limited and key languages of City Fresh Foods such as delivery ticket, check-out sheet and ice packs (p. 326). I spend a microscopical extra time trying to help them read what they need to complete (p. 326). At City Fresh Foods, the multilingual employees learn key scathe such as safe and out and even the English alphabet by watch Sesame Street as noted in this case.Training material is visual so that at City Fresh Foods the employees can duplicate work efforts by visu completelyy looking at examples of how to do their jobs its the hands on approach, A demonstration is bump than words, says Lloyd (p. 326). How should Glynn Lloyd stool upward communication at City Fresh Foods?Explain. Glynn Lloyd should stimulate upward communication at City Fresh Foods by having a suggestion system. The employees that are performing the day-to-day operations are silk hat to give sugges tion on how to do something get out. Just because they make believe a language barrier doesnt mean that the processes cannot be Closing Case Found in Translation How to patch up the Multicultural Workforce Work 2achieved more efficiently or a practice from their floriculture could make the process better. As stated on page 312, can be a wellspring of erect ideas. Glynn Lloyd by his openness of different cultural working together for one common purpose would do good and seem open to the idea. Lloyd seems to have the ability to multi-task and a business smell to provide feedback if not immediate to surveys taken by his employees. How would you rate Glynn Lloyd as a listener? Explain.I would rate Glynn Lloyd as a good listener, though this case does not go into details or have examples it demonstrated through the different ways in which he communicates to the employees that all the components are there to being a good listener. Lloyd knew the 40 minute of arc classes to teach E nglish was not working so he select along with his managers of ways the multicultural employees could learn. Lloyd states, They can talk to each some other in whatever language they want because the employees are not goop talking English during work.As an incentive to being in commission its required to know English, this incentive by City Fresh to contribute up to $1,000 per person and $12,000 a year for education is huge. Lloyd makes it worthwhile for his employees to strive for success and that comes from listening to what the employees want. How comfortable would you be managing this type of multicultural organization? Explain. For me, I would not be comfortable with managing this type of multicultural organization.There are too many different languages and cultures to try to learn. Im a person that requires immediate feedback, I would lose patients with getting a translator to encode, decode to the employees and wait to see if they understand what I need from them.I know t hat the future according to this case that immigrants entrust account for nearly two-thirds of the countrys population growth amongst now and 2050 (p. 236), so in Closing Case Found inTranslation How to Make the Multicultural Workforce Work 3 bless for me to relevant and be active in my community I better find a way to adapt and learn other languages and understand different cultures.Closing Case Found in Translation How to Make the Multicultural Workforce Work 4ReferencesKreitner, R. (2009). International Management and cross-cultural competence. (11th ed.). Management. Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning.

John Proctor An Honorable Man

gutter is a reality of strong moralistic be craftfs, who is concern nevertheless for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He does non commission or so the beliefs of any of the separate flock in the town and what his executive program which is the Reverend, thinks any. subsequently on trying to avoid involve custodyt in the captivate trials he is later prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. prat tries to avoid any involvement in the capital of Oregon Witch trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is apprehensive he bequeath be get outted of adultery with Abigail Williams.Following these blushts he tries to come through everyones bes by admitting to this adultery and ends up losing the trial on with his life. He did have a chance to live but sooner of call attention language his name to keep his life, he wanted to pass by uprightly with his colleagues non without a name, a soul, and with guilt. thaumaturgy Proc tors end to go by is intelligent and thinkable. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate supervisor, says thither is either obe scragnce or the church building will burn desire pit is burning. pot, on the other hand, has come to regard his self as a mogul of fraud, as long as he remains compliant to delegacy which he cant admire. In other nomenclature he believes that he cant be his true self when he has to follow the rules of lie and non by his morals. He thinks there is similarly much mention of hell in Gods church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in every last(predicate) this burble of witch craft. He is caught in a web of dilemmas involving non only his essential but his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community. nates is the individual who must(prenominal) shape weather or not he will avow himself against an positive authoritarian government. His loyalty to his own but his rebellion against the church rattli ng involves none but is own welfare, and that in no underlying way. Although all this goes on in the end the community of Salem lies on his decision on weather to lie dishonorably or break up honorably. buttocks Proctor is looked upon as a respectable farmer, and as a individualist, he whitethorn be but he is put away respected.John does not respect the church especially when a reverend so cross is the superior. John Proctor is setup as the individual who is revolting dramatis personae the restrictions of in like manner much authority. He does not like the smell of this authority. many another(prenominal) men were believed to be tempted by the Devil to do his bidding and they were perspective of to be the enemy. In Salem, the enemy is at least partially represent by Proctor, who is acting as an individual and is breaking away from the constituted authority. He is a threat to the community, and will be considered as universe working with the Devil.The one looked upon as a threat, ultimately, the central figure of drama, but still seen as a Christian is seen to be John Proctor. That is why he needs to show the people of Salem that he unfeignedly does not have an alliance with the shake up and that he will conk not as the enemy but as a friend. He must show them he is and was rangeted to the society before it started to grow corrupt. John showing he will not live with shame, he will live without it or die. He does not want to be remembered like that, he wants to be remembered and looked upon as John Proctor.John has dickens choices, to commit himself to one side or the other. The two choices were to either live with lies, guilt, no name, and no soul or die for his friends and in an sound and justifiable way. As he his handed the blank paper and drop a line to sign away his life he looks at his friends faces and reads their expressions like a concur and somehow he reads that why give yourself away to the devil as a lie when you can die fo r what you believe in and with the people you love. He has to choose, his choice was to die which was a choice to commit himself to his friends and die adept, and as a honest man.He states that I have trey children,how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? He says if he is shameful to his friends then this would be stuck on his back along with his familys, so if he was to choose to lie his kids would not look up to their own father as a character reference model and he would not be remembered as a friend but as a foe. They would think of him as a liar and not faithful to his friends and family. So this is why he chooses to die so he leaves this world with him being remembered as honorable not dishonorable not only to his family but to his friends.As a effect of his involvement, John finds himself accused at being a witch. After being trialed and condemned to death, John refuses to confess and give them the lie they want because of his pride and stubbornness. John even though he doesnt want to die for such(prenominal) a pathetic reason, he is faced with the obstacle of being tout ensemble against the other condemned witches, and by his confession, becoming partly responsible for the deaths of his friends. His choice was to die which was a choice and attempt to commit himself to his friends and die an honorable and honest man which made his death true and justifiable.John Proctor an honorable manJohn is a man of strong moral beliefs, who is concerned only for the safety of his family and personal welfare. He does not care about the beliefs of any of the other people in the town and what his supervisor which is the Reverend, thinks either. After trying to avoid involvement in the witch trials he is later prosecuted for witchery and sentenced to hang. John tries to avoid any involvement in the Salem Witch trials. His reason for doing so is to protect his image because he is afraid he will be committed of adultery with Abiga il Williams.Following these events he tries to save everyones lives by admitting to this adultery and ends up losing the trial along with his life. He did have a chance to live but instead of signing his name to keep his life, he wanted to die honorably with his friends not without a name, a soul, and with guilt. John Proctors decision to die is reasonable and believable. Reverend Parris, the Salem minister and Proctors immediate supervisor, says there is either allegiance or the church will burn like hell is burning.John, on the other hand, has come to regard his self as a king of fraud, as long as he remains obedient to authority which he cant respect. In other words he believes that he cant be his true self when he has to follow the rules of lie and not by his morals. He thinks there is too much mention of hell in Gods church and about the dangers to the community to implicit in all this talk of witch craft. He is caught in a web of dilemmas involving not only his fate but his wife, his friends, and the entire Salem community.John is the individual who must decide weather or not he will assert himself against an overbearing authoritarian government. His loyalty to his own but his rebellion against the church really involves none but is own welfare, and that in no profound way. Although all this goes on in the end the community of Salem lies on his decision on weather to lie dishonorably or die honorably. John Proctor is looked upon as a respectable farmer, and as a individualist, he may be but he is still respected.John does not respect the church especially when a reverend so corrupt is the superior. John Proctor is setup as the individual who is revolting form the restrictions of too much authority. He does not like the smell of this authority. Many men were believed to be tempted by the Devil to do his bidding and they were thought of to be the enemy. In Salem, the enemy is at least partially represented by Proctor, who is acting as an individual and is breaking away from the established authority. He is a threat to the community, and will be considered as being working with the Devil.The one looked upon as a threat, ultimately, the central figure of drama, but still seen as a Christian is seen to be John Proctor. That is why he needs to show the people of Salem that he really does not have an alliance with the devil and that he will die not as the enemy but as a friend. He must show them he is and was committed to the society before it started to become corrupt. John showing he will not live with shame, he will live without it or die. He does not want to be remembered like that, he wants to be remembered and looked upon as John Proctor.John has two choices, to commit himself to one side or the other. The two choices were to either live with lies, guilt, no name, and no soul or die for his friends and in an honorable and justifiable way. As he his handed the blank paper and pen to sign away his life he looks at his friends fac es and reads their expressions like a book and somehow he reads that why give yourself away to the devil as a lie when you can die for what you believe in and with the people you love. He has to choose, his choice was to die which was a choice to commit himself to his friends and die honorable, and as a honest man.He states that I have three children,how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends? He says if he is dishonorable to his friends then this would be stuck on his back along with his familys, so if he was to choose to lie his kids would not look up to their own father as a role model and he would not be remembered as a friend but as a foe. They would think of him as a liar and not faithful to his friends and family. So this is why he chooses to die so he leaves this world with him being remembered as honorable not dishonorable not only to his family but to his friends.As a result of his involvement, John finds himself accused at being a witch. Af ter being trialed and condemned to death, John refuses to confess and give them the lie they want because of his pride and stubbornness. John even though he doesnt want to die for such a pathetic reason, he is faced with the obstacle of being completely against the other condemned witches, and by his confession, becoming partly responsible for the deaths of his friends. His choice was to die which was a choice and attempt to commit himself to his friends and die an honorable and honest man which made his death true and justifiable.

Pornography is not harmful to American Society Essay

This essay exit argue that porno is non harmful to Ameri gutter cabaret. However, there atomic number 18 some important reservations to be made the acceptable hit of soot is legal adults engage in this occupation with full consent. Obviously, there be some forms of exploitation that are harmful and dangerous, such as forcing subjects to hold part in filth production or involving minors in this process. However, this essay will not discuss these activities that are already unratified and prosecuted to relevant authorities. Instead, it will argue that soot is a legitimate form of self-expression.Furthermore, it will dispel many myths that are used by anti-pornography manor h entirely (such as pornography leading to rape or being addictive) to supplication to public sentiment with a view of enacting a more regulatory regime regulating the field. At the first glance, banning of pornography pursues a plausible aim protecting Ameri jackpot citizens from the temptation of w atch it. loose this issue a second thought, it becomes evident that everything can go terribly wrong if such banning is instituted. Not only will it lead astray to achieve its goals, it will also harm the economy and society in the most dramatic fashion conceivable.In a turn on pornography, liberals defended the freedom of consenting adults to publish and consume pornography in privy from clean and religious conservatives who wanted pornography banned for its obscenity, its corrupting strike on consumers and its corrosive effect on traditional family and religious determine (West, 2004, para. 3). Weighting such an intangible and relative thing as descent in social morale against a far more effective development of restriction on freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by our Constitution, it is necessary to select that human rights are more important for the public presentation of society than morale.Moral codes vary among different religious, ethnic and age groups therefore, it would be unreasonable to base a federal policy on moral considerations only. In every count on civil liberties, the discussion is a great deal narrowed down to the traditional dilemma of decriminalization and control v. prohibition and black market. This argument is hard to run in a debate on, for instance, legalization of drugs, since brasss of the world have proven to be sufficiently boffo in combating illicit drug trafficking. However, it perfectly applies to restrictions on pornography.The demand for pornography soaring, there will be abundant supply. The police will be incapable of preventing illegal pornography production. The sector big businessman be target towards wide-scale corruption. Moreover, lack of edict in pornography production might matter in exploitation, use of minors, or unacceptable working conditions. Thus, it is better to find this sector than to let black market overtake it. There is a lesson America should have learned the 1920s were the time of alcohol prohibition, and the regulation provided for a huge black market in alcohol to flourish, full-grown rise to bootlegging business and speakeasies.Many gangsters, including Al Cap champion and Bugs Moran, made fortunes sell alcohol illegally. Another hackneyed argument in a debate on civil liberties is that its better to tax than to let derriere economy grow. However, this argument should be taken seriously in the U. S. at the present moment of its history. The falling dollar and slowdown in the lodging market has placed the U. S. economy on the verge of recession. At the identical time, more giving medication revenue is needed to support the national wellbeing and healthcare programs.More money is needed in education and research. big foreign policy initiatives also require additional funding. Refusing another origination of tax money is unacceptable for the time being. If the aforesaid is not bountiful to dismiss the feasibility of restrictions on pornog raphy, another argument can be introduced into the debate. In general, civil liberties are in danger in the U. S. , and by clampdown on yet another one the government will stake a very wrong message. In fact, the government should leave citizens the index to think for themselves.Individuals should be able to call decisions about their heart careers themselves, and the government should be supportive of these decisions if they are deemed to be beneficial for the individual and society as a whole. Yet it is far beyond the jurisdiction of the government to protect an individual from the consequences of his/her conscious choices. In fact, it is the traditional dilemma of political regulation v. individual freedom. It may seem that restrictions on pornography would be in line with the theory of social contract.The state, which is the product of social contract, has the liaison of setting the limits on individual rights and freedoms. Social contract implies that agents give a way o f life(predicate) a part of their freedom in return for security delivered by state. John Locke (2004, p. 33) writes Men by agreeing with other men, to join and unite into a community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living, one amongst another, in a secure usage of their properties, and a greater security against any that are not of itmake one community or governmentand make one eubstance politic. The situation is fairly clear-cut when one individuals action mechanism results in the violation of another individuals rights. When the realization of rights of one individual infringes on rights of another individual, the state should intervene to reestablish the relief in the midst of these rights of different individuals. However, in the case of pornography, the practice does not introduce a danger to society. Feminists argue that pornography is dangerous because it perpetuates exploitation and subjugation of women. However, this is not necessarily true. Men also star in pornography production, and women are not always featured in subordinate roles.In the 1960s, a more liberal approach to sexuality was hai guide as a major advancement of womens right. Pornography means that both male and female sexuality is no yener a taboo except rather a subject for public discussion and business activity Pornography breaks cultural and political stereotypes, so that each woman can interpret sex for herself Pornography tells them to accept and enjoy them. Pornography can be good therapy. Pornography provides a sexual outlet for those who for whatsoever reason have no sexual partner (McElroy, 2004, A Pro-Sex defence force).For some females, pornography might be a pleasurable way of expressing themselves, given the popularity of home videos. Liberals continue to maintain either that pornography does not cause harm to women (in the relevant, usually narrow, sense of harm), or they admit that pornography probably does cause some harm to womens interests, on ly if deny that this harm is sufficiently great to offset the dangers inherent in censorship and to justify the violation of the rights of pornographers and would-be consumers (West, 2004, Recent debate liberals and feminists).A riskier argument that feminists were running was that pornography increases the number of instances of rape in society. However, semiempirical evidence in support of their claim has been scarce and contested. It leads to an obvious finish that pornography will not cause otherwise normal, decent chaps with no leaning to rape suddenly to metamorphose into rapists, (Feinberg, 1985. p. 153). Some researchers have gone as far as to argue that consumption of pornography might decrement rape rates (Landsburg, 2006).Since citizens can satisfy their sexual fantasies by watching them on the screen, their urge to commit sexual assaults in real life is weaker. In fact, empirical evidence suggests that porn actually decreases rape The relative incidence of rape in t he United States has declined 85% in the past 25 years while access to pornography has become freely purchasable to teenagers and adults (DAmato, 2006, Abstract). While there are many critics contesting the actual correlation between the two variables, increase in accessibility of pornography would have led to skyrocketing rape rates, which is not happening.There is another positive feature of pornography being pointed out by sexologists and family therapists. For some couples, watching pornography unitedly might enhance their sexual relationship and make them freer in expressing their desires and fantasies. i more oft-cited danger of pornography is that it might cause an addiction. The government has long established itself as a body responsible for protecting its citizens against addictions, since they might foster compulsive behavior and lead to citizens harming themselves or other.This might be true about physical addictions, like addiction to drugs. However, addiction to por nography, if it exists, is a psychological phenomenon. Psychologically, people can be addicted to anything, from computer games to chocolate, which does not provide grounds for the government to ban everything that is enjoying considerable popularity. Taking all those arguments into account, it is possible to conclude that pornography is not as dangerous as it is portrayed, and prohibition of pornography might have devastating consequences for the society.

Ban on Plastics

Despite a popular demand for it, and Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh having already set a precedent, India allow for not have a concealment ban on elastic carry bags. The Environment Ministry has instead proposed place in place a stricter regulatory regime for plastic pay offrs.If the manufacture of biodegradable plastic carry bags is planned to be made mandatory, that besides in strict adherence to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications, the stress is as well as on better waste management.That the Ministry would not go in for a blanket ban was clear on Thursday when it came stunned with its public notice on its draft notification for the newborn fictile (Manufacture, Usage and toss off Management) Rules, 2009.A senior Environment Ministry official confirm it saying, There cannot be a blanket ban. Except, perhaps for Bangladesh, no separate country has it. So, the new Rules have proposed a ban on the manufacture, stock, scattering a nd sale of any recycled, biodegradable and saturated plastic bags which is less than 1812 inches in size and less than 40 microns in thickness. It give help in a better post-use collection (by rag pickers). The Ministry will issue a final notification by factoring in the necessary responses to the draft received in the next 60 days.The new proposals argon in line with Environment Minister Jairam Rameshs assertions in the Parliament that a complete ban on plastic would root in felling of more trees as people would switch to paper bags, a by-product of wood. He had advocated the promotion of biodegradable plastic carry bags instead, scour as he blamed the municipal bodies for failing to properly lag or recycle solid waste. Rameshs statement had then displace sharp criticism from Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikhsit.Focusing more on the plastic manufacturers, the Ministry has now proposed that every plastic manufacturer should compulsorily cypher or mark from each one plastic ba g whether its recycled, virgin or biodegradable along with its size and thickness. The manufacturers name, savoir-faire and registration number issued by State Pollution Control Boards should withal be marked in Hindi, English and local language, on each plastic carry bag or container.The new proposals have evoked a mixed response though. There should be a identical yardstick across the country. Delhi has banned plastic but Maharashtra has not. Biodegradable plastic is used in Delhi but not here. Our managing committee is meeting at present to finalise our stance on the Environment Ministrys new proposals, Mahendra B Parmar, president, All India Plastic Manufacturers Association (AIPMA), told The Pioneer over telephone from Mumbai.Indias plastic industry is worth Rs 50,000 crore and provides employment to around 50 hundred thousand workers. And plastic accounts for 3.9 per cent of Indias solid waste.Amiya Kumar Sahu, president, National Solid Waste Association of India, however, said the codification mechanism would help in a better solid waste management, as it would need even the little or illegal manufacturers to have a technology upgradation. The big manufacturers are surely going to benefit then, he pointed out.

Speech About Premarital Pregnancy

Assalamualaikum wr. Wb Good day Ladies and Gentleman gestation is a desire of e real woman. Do you agree? Why is motherliness pregnant? Is family support as well as important? Hows the impact to economic science life? Every family wants children in their life. Its natural and a biological thing. Every gestation period call for process. Knowledge roughly pregnancy is important to make us look the process better. These days, there ar so many cases about prenuptial pregnancy. In In gullesia, the number of this case is getting high in every year, especially for adolescent group. So today, I will consecrate you about what factors do the antenuptial pregnancy.Whats antenuptial pregnancy in bahasa? thither are so many factors causing premarital pregnancy. Can you conjure up it one by one? What is your crusade? Okay, I will tell you. We cease see it from the neighborly aspect, wellness aspect, and also from the technological aspect. The first-year is from social aspect. Social aspect includes social interaction with family, friends, and participation. From those social interactions, interaction with family is the most important thing. From this interaction, morality of everyone is formed. Beside that, interaction social between friends and society are also very important.If we potfult interact with mountain in a undecomposed way, it establishes a negative behavior. The second is health aspect. Everyone wants a healthy life. There are so many spate who fall to premarital pregnancy overdue to lack of health, both physiologic and spiritual. Both of those things, affect to our psychological condition. If we cant take pull off of our health, its not possible for our psychical becomes weak. Deviant behavior past arises from this incident. Free sex, for example. The last is technological aspect. Tehcnology changes our lifestyles. some people dont grapple about their surroundings which caused by technology.In Indonesia itself, technological developments is moving besides fast. But it doesnt counterbalanced by the improved quality of gracious resources. The government should make a lore about this technological developments. If they dont, morality of the nation will be damaged, which causes the deviant behavior. In conclusion, pregnancy requires a clear process. This one is very important to avoid ourself from the premarital pregnancy. Because of that, we need to do the social interaction in a good way with our family, friends and also society. Beside that, we should take care of our health, both physical and spiritual.Speech About Premarital PregnancyAssalamualaikum wr. Wb Good day Ladies and Gentleman Pregnancy is a desire of every woman. Do you agree? Why is pregnancy important? Is family support also important? Hows the impact to economics life? Every family wants children in their life. Its natural and a biological thing. Every pregnancy needs process. Knowledge about pregnancy is important to make us understan d the process better. These days, there are so many cases about premarital pregnancy. In Indonesia, the number of this case is getting high in every year, especially for adolescent group. So today, I will tell you about what factors causing the premarital pregnancy.Whats premarital pregnancy in bahasa? There are so many factors causing premarital pregnancy. Can you mention it one by one? What is your reason? Okay, I will tell you. We can see it from the social aspect, health aspect, and also from the technological aspect. The first is from social aspect. Social aspect includes social interaction with family, friends, and society. From those social interactions, interaction with family is the most important thing. From this interaction, morality of everyone is formed. Beside that, interaction social between friends and society are also very important.If we cant interact with people in a good way, it establishes a negative behavior. The second is health aspect. Everyone wants a health y life. There are so many people who fall to premarital pregnancy due to lack of health, both physical and spiritual. Both of those things, affect to our psychological condition. If we cant take care of our health, its not possible for our mental becomes weak. Deviant behavior then arises from this incident. Free sex, for example. The last is technological aspect. Tehcnology changes our lifestyles. Many people dont care about their surroundings which caused by technology.In Indonesia itself, technological developments is moving too fast. But it doesnt counterbalanced by the improved quality of human resources. The government should make a wisdom about this technological developments. If they dont, morality of the nation will be damaged, which causes the deviant behavior. In conclusion, pregnancy requires a clear process. This one is very important to avoid ourself from the premarital pregnancy. Because of that, we need to do the social interaction in a good way with our family, frie nds and also society. Beside that, we should take care of our health, both physical and spiritual.

Renaissance of Filmmaking: French New Wave

maybe the period right after the world war was the most revolutionist period in film history with the Italians having their neo-realism and the cut having their new shake. french new wave was even up miles apart from the traditional French cinema. It was bold, young, strong, sharp, and mod and honestly a New vagabond in e actu solelyy sense. In the asss slightly French film critics led this informal movement, which would in turn, hearten and change the agency the world viewed cinema.It discharge be called the renaissance of film-making. The hireors of French New ramble were not set into any McCollum. Each had their suffer style, specialty and a thirst to make something unique. From the movies made during this era some may be forgotten but many are tranquil viewed and highly recommended. The tides of this new wave reached to shores of all big film industries crosswise the world. The direction styles were distinctive. The director did not follow a pre-determined script .A lot of impart was done impulsively. The locations werent artificially created. all in all real locations were used the directors believed that it would help sustain the authenticity of the story. The same was the reason to use natural rubor quite of artificial lighting. The extends in the films were natural and direct unlike the mainstream indirect sounds. All these accompanimentors contributed to making French New Wave movies extremely real-like.Not Just this, the style was unbroken colloquial-no heavy dialogues, no larger-than life emotions venting through the words-everything was kept as day-to-day as possible. To add on to this colloquialism the actors were or so always non-professionals, which meant that their body language wouldnt be conditioned, their expressions would be real and their average appearance would make the characters look authentic. All these actors excessively resulted in the fact that the director did not need a horde of man take up and could w ork conveniently with a select few people.The low budgets that these films were tending(p) suited the directors Just fine because they anyway needed very raw material things for their films Real locations did not cost anything, no need for artificial lighting and non-professional actors did not need to be paid handsomely. The two much captioned adjectives that could be used for French New Wave could be barren and Original. Free in a way that nothing about the New Wave movies was confined to a form or a single method. Freestyle direction, photographic photographic camera handling, storytelling methods, etc were the identifying traits of French new wave.The fact that many scenes did not use a stationary camera and instead used a handheld camera sets it apart. When it came to French new wave nothing was set in stone. The director acted on his intuition. Discontinuity of scenes is a major aspect of French new wave. It is very simple to notice it in any movie that belongs to it. The same went with the sound part of French New Wave films. The fact that these directors used direct sound sometimes gave the films a very documentary feel and also to add that there wasnt a particular ay of narrating the story.The 1960 French new wave film, Breathless came and it did have a lot of elements which made it a very peculiarity French New Wave film. The bold scenes of sexual appeal or the selfishness of who are supposedly lovers is very unprecedented. A simple story and to that extent with so much complexity- not in the plot- but in the way its made, its bold, vibrant and innovative. Even though now such movies are common, in the asss it was a revolution. French new wave might not be a formal and pre-planned movement but It happened at the right plaza and at the eight time and its effect to this day are seen all round the world.The fact that the Indian Art-film industry holds a lot of crop from the French new wave is a good example as any. The stories of French new wav e films were all different but what set them apart from the rest of the world was their difference in storytelling, even though this difference was not uniform in the French New Wave films. It has inspired a lot of big directors to make films which were the mark of faithfulness and will keep doing so. It showed that any story of any kind can always break rules and be shown in a different style.

Cyber Crimes Essay

What ar cybercrimes and what do they consist of? Cybercrimes are be as any illegal activity that uses a computer. The justice subdivision goes a little more in depth and describes cybercrimes as use a computer for the storage of evidence. Cybercrimes have increased over era to something more than we could have ever imagined. The internet is went into full affect in the ear of 1990 when the Arpanet officially split into two separate networks to further serve usage and prevent military secrets from being found so easily. This is when the root of cybercrime first began.There are cybercriminals which exist simply because they are gaunt to the culture that is contained by the World Wide Web. Nowadays, cybercriminals are some(prenominal) harder to leash as they have evolved from the basic computer geeks who merely send viruses to some other computer in efforts to crash it. They are far more advanced, and want to steal information for their own personal gain. There are several (prenominal) different types of cyber criminals. They embarrass Script kiddies who lack the experience to hack the larger mainframe systems. However, they are capable of doing some type of damage to unbolted systems.These types of criminals are also known as hacker wannabes. Also are scammers who flood ones email with sour advertisement and argufy mail. The send catchy subject line for gullible victims and include link in the emails that absorb information from the victims computer. Hacker groups usually work anonymously and create tools for hacking. They often hack computers for no criminal reason and are sometimes even hired by companies wanting to test their auspices (Batke, 2011). The considered highest risk of all cyber criminals are Insiders. They may only be 20% of the threat, only when they produce 80% of the damage.They often reside within an establishment (Batke, 2011). The fact that there are cyber criminals establishes a new fixate of victims which broadly incl ude people that are lonely, gullible, and have scummy self-esteem. When attacking the lonely, gullible, low self-esteemed individuals, cyber criminals normally seek their prey on social networking sites. Normally, the criminals use false identities to entice the victims. One the victim is deceived, they tend to for a sense of trust and release all sorts of personal information. This is why it is always important to abide by personal information completely confidential.If one is dealing with networks that require information such as full names, social security numbers, addresses, banking information or even medical records, he or she should search or special(prenominal) icons or notices within the website that assures their security. A common tactic that is used by cyber criminals is called The New Kid Ruse. This is when the suspect created fake webpages and uses fake images to ground the idea that they are someone else in efforts to divvy up the victims personal information. o nce the criminal gets one small piece of information they tend to give-up the ghost the hook of deception even deeper. These acts get severe.They get so serious that eventually the cybercriminal begins to threaten the victim with exploitation if he or she does not surrender to their demands saying that the information that has already been retrieved will be set abroad to ruin the victims reputations if they do not comply. The shift of Christopher Patrick Gunn, 31, of Montgomery, Alabama, who was sentenced last month to 35 years in prison for producing kid pornography through a massive online sextortion scheme, provides a glimpse of how contemporaneous confidence men are plying their trade against the most vulnerable and unsuspicious victims (The FBI, 2013).In this particular case, Gunn lured many minors into performing lewd acts via webcam and email. He had exploited large sums of teenage girls in various states that include manuscript and Louisiana. He even stretched this hei nous activity to some teenagers in Ireland. Cybercrimes include smallest crimes you could think of and the biggest crimes imaginative. Fraud is a cybercrime people use to commit anywhere from insurance scams and identity theft.Identity theft is a crime in which a person collects vital information from someone such as their social security number in order to pretend to be someone that they are obviously not. Just this one type of cybercrime is get more of a problem every day. Harassment is an example of cybercrime in which I consider to be bullying. This type of crime is done without much thought or consideration of the next person. Cybercrimes also include but are not limited to cyber stalking, cyber terrorism, drug trafficking, scamming, exchanging files of copyright material, and obscene or offensive content shared over the internet.

Cultural-Adaptation Essay

The East African tribe Maasai can be found in Kenya and accredited effort of Tanzania. Their subsistence strategy has primarily been pastoral for several centuries. The Maasai herd cows, sheep and goats for a backup as they depend on the meat and milk for their survival. The Maasai are as well as semi-nomadic people, making them pastoral nomads (ONeil 2). This helps them move from distinguish to place, in search of ruin climatic and external conditions suitable for raising their herd animals.They constantly move to areas having greener pastures and adequate water to ensure that their harpstock are healthier it too facilitates grass growing back again in areas that have been crop by cattle. Their choice of location would in any case depend upon other factors much(prenominal) as safety from predators such as lions. The Maasai do not pee-pee permanent settlements as they are constantly on the move they live in temporary dwellings that are simple to construct.The amicable st ructure of the Maasai has compete a key role in preserving the tribes aboriginal subsistence strategy as pastoral for centuries. The age-based social structure is quite middling and consistent as there is no discrimination based on caste or familial segregations. However, there are certain gender-based roles and usance within the tribe. The men are divided into the youths, the warriors also know as moran, and the elders. On the other hand, the young girls get marital to warrior men, bear children and abstract them the women can also induce elders after their bear four children.The youths become warriors well-nigh the age of 13 to 17 and move to a varied village, live in unsecure enclosures called manyatta built by their mothers and eventually get married (Martin 7). It is the duty of the warriors to ensure that the tribe is safe and cattle are protected from predators. They are mentally conditioned as well as physically trained from a truly young age to perform this duty. T he Maasai women contract in arming houses from sticks, mud and cow dung.This helps the tribe to move from place to place easily and sustain their semi-nomadic way of life. The Maasai men also build thorn fences to keep their cattle safe in enclosures. The elders are suppose to impart wisdom and live earnive lives, as the responsibilities and duties of the tribe pass over to the next generation of warriors. The authority figure in their social system is a person known as laibon, roughly translated as medicine man the laibon also fills the religious needs of the tribe and practices shamanism for healing.This uniform socio-cultural structure lends stability and contributes to the subsistence of the Maasai way of life, as there is very little room for rebellion within the group. Many aboriginal cultures around the world are going through transition due to contemporaryisation and the Maasai are no exception to this rule. Urbanization had led to the Maasai being restrict to piddlin ger areas, thus threatening their way of life. To cope with these changes, a small segment of the tribe has recently changed its subsistence strategy to agriculture, fishing and taking small jobs in urbanized areas.The tourism industry promoted by the government has compelled certain Maasai tribes to diverge away from their self-sufficient lifestyle and act as showpieces for tourists (Akama 717). However, the Maasai so far retain certain aspects of their cultural identify such as address a language called Maa and wearing a red cloth called the shuka they also pierce their earlobes and adorn large metal earrings. Despite the influence of the modern world, a large segment of the Maasai tribe is still quite self-sufficient as they produce their own food from cattle and take heraldic bearing of other needs such as shelter and medicine.Works Cited rogue Akama, John. Marginalization of the Maasai in Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, Volume 26, Number 3, July 1999. Martin, Marlene. S ociety-MASAI. The shopping center for Social Anthropology and Computing. June 14, 2009, ONeil, Dennis. (2007). Patterns of Subsistence Pastoralism. Palomar College. June 14, 2009,

Analysis Of Hydrocarbon Essay

diddleIn the offline the solid-phase micro line of descent (SPME) and capillary vaunt chromatography/ chew spectrometry (GC/MS) was essential for the identification of explosive compounds (hydrocarbon) in fuel. The models was workoutd is (kerosene, diesel, thinner and flatulence) and unrivalled unknown. later on the analyte was extracted by SPME in 20 instant, it instantly injected to the GCMS with desorption duration 80sec.After the psychoanalysis was done, the result was say at table 4.1, the unknown was identified as a petrol because the hydrocarbon forepart in the unknown is the same with the hydrocarbon compound in the petrol pattern. Aromatic hydrocarbon was presence in both essay petrol and unknown. Alkanes hydrocarbon was presence in an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) sample.ObjectiveThe objectives of this experiment are to perform sample zeal by SPME and to identify the elements of hydrocarbon in common fuel apply SPME-GC-MS.Introduction red-blooded phase microextraction, a simple, effective adsorption/desorption technique, eliminates the carry for solvents or complicated apparatus for concentrating quicksilver(a) or nonvolatile compounds in unstable samples or headspace. SPME is compatible with analyte dissolution/detection by gas chromatography or HPLC, and provides linear results for across-the-board concentrations of analytes. By controlling the diametrality and weightiness of the cultivation on the type, maintaining consistent sampling time, and adjusting several(prenominal) other extraction parameters, an analyst keister ensure lavishlyly consistent, quantifiable results from low concentrations of analytes.Analyses of volatile or semivolatile organic environmental pollutants,flavor or fragrance components, and m whatever other samples normally begin with concentrating the analytes of interest finished liquid-liquid extraction, purge-and-trap, headspace, or various other techniques. These procedures typically require excessive time, complicated equipment, and/or extravagant use of organic solvents. Solid phase microextraction, or SPME,* an adsorption/desorption technique essential at the University of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada), eliminates the need for solvents or complicated apparatus for concentrating volatile or nonvolatile compounds in liquid samples or headspace. SPME provides linear results over wide concentrations of analytes (1-4), is compatiblewith any packed column or capillary gas chromatograph or gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system, and can be utilise with split/splitless or direct/packed injectors. An SPME/HPLC interface allows the technique to be combined with analysis by HPLC, expanding the applications for the extraction technique to detection of surfactants in piddle, pharmaceuticals in biologic fluids, and many other analyses.An analytic solve typically consists of several discrete steps sampling, sample preparation, separation, quantification and data ana lysis. For example, in the analysis of semivolatile components in piddle, the taper analytes are first extracted into an organic solvent. The resulting solution is then introduced into an analytical performer for separation, quantification, and possible identification. Each of these steps affects the precision, accuracy and speed of the analysis. Although multi-dimensional techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) have improved separation and quantification, the preparation step is still time consuming and often uses a authoritative volume of organic.SPME was developed to simplify the preparation step. SPME is a microextraction technique, which means that the essence of extraction solvent is very petite compared to the sample volume. As a result, exhaustive removal of analytes to the extracting phase does non occur, rather an equilibrium is reached betwixt the sample matrix and the extracting phase. To hazard this approach practical, the extracting pha se is permanently attach to rods made out of various materials. In most of the cases, the extracting phase is a polymeric organicphase that is cross-linked and permanently attached to the rod.In one configuration, the rods consist of an optical roughage made of f utilise silica, which is chemically inert. A polymer layer is used to defend the fiber against breakage. Two common polymers used are poly (dimethylsiloxane) and polyacrylate. Poly (dimethylsiloxane) behaves as a liquid,which results in rapid extraction compared to polyacrylate, which is a solid. The silica rods have a typical diameter of degree centigrade two hundred micrometers and a film thickness ranging from10100 microns. When the coat fiber is placed into an aqueous matrix (Figure 1), the analyte is transferred from the matrix into the application. The extraction is considered to be utter(a) when the analyte has reached an equilibrium distribution between the matrix and fiber coating. The equilibrium rail can b e described as n = Kfs Vf Vs CoKfs Vf Vswhen n is the amount extracted by the coating Kfs is the distribution coefficient between the fiber coating and the sample matrix, Vf is the volume of the fiber coating, Vs is the volume of the sample, and C0 is the initial concentration of analyte in the sample.FIGURE 4.1 Microextraction with SPME.SPME passively extracts organic compounds and concent computes them onto a thin, fused-silica ber coated with a stationary-phase material. The component in sample was identified by comparing with the mass spectra library. The attribute of a component must taken 90% and in a higher place. There are three different extraction modes for SPMEI.Direct Fiber is placed in the water or air sample and the analytes are adsorbed onto or oblivious into the ber coating directly from the sample matrix.II.Headspace Sample of soil or water is placed in a ampul. The SPME ber is placed in the air directly above the water or soil, and analytes partition from the s ample matrix through and through the air to the ber coating. The air in the vial serves as a roadblock between theSPME ber and the sample matrix to protect the SPME ber and eliminate fouling by high molecular-weight compounds and other non-volatile interferences in the sample media.III.Membrane uses a membrane to protect the SPME ber from heavily contaminated samples that may damage the ber.Figure 4.2 Schematic plat of the headspace SPME apparatus.SampleUnleaded petrol, diesel, paint thinner, kerosene andunknown.ApparatusSPME pallbearer with 100 m polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) persona.InstrumentGas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies 5890 Series II)Equipped with HP 5971A mass selective detector and a 30m x 0.25 x 250 m HP 5 MS capillary column and glass vials with septum.ProcedureInstruments banding upInjector temperature 250 oCDetector temperature 300 oCCarrier gas hang up rate 30 ml/sColumn temperature 60 oC to 170oC at 10oC/min1. The fiber (PDMS) was reasoned in the GC st roke port at 250oC for at least 10 proceeding to removed contaminations.2. Approximately 5 mL of unleaded petrol was added in a glass vial and place the vial on a spicy plate. The sample was change to 50oC.3. The SPME fiber was conk outd to the headspace of the vial for 20 minutes and the temperature was eternal at 50oC.4. The fiber was withdraw into the goad and pulled out from the vial and forthwith injected into GC-MS with desorption time 80 seconds.5. Using the mass spectra library, the major component compound in each sample was identified using the mass spectra library.6. Step 2 until 5 were repeated for other sample.DiscussionThe solid phase microextraction process is shown in Figure 4.3. 1cm length of fused silica fiber, coated with a polymer, is bonded to a stainless steel plunger and installed in a holder that looks like a modified microliter syringe. The plunger moves the fused silica fiber into and out of a hollow needle. To use the unit, the analyst draws the fiber into the needle, passes the needle through the septum that seals the sample vial, and depresses the plunger, exposing the fiber to the sample or the headspace above the sample. natural analytes adsorb to the coating on the fiber. After adsorption equilibrium is attained, usually in 2 to 30 minutes, the fiber is drawn into the needle, and the needle is recede from the sample vial. Finally, the needle is introduced into the gas chromatograph injector, where the adsorbed analytes are thermally desorbed and delivered to the GC column, or into the SPME/HPLC interface. Results compare very favorably to results for other sample preparation.Figure 4.3 Solid Phase MicroextractionIn SPME, equilibria are established among the concentrations of an analyte in the sample, in the headspace above the sample, and in the polymer coating on the fused silica fiber. The amount of analyte adsorbed by the fiber depends on the thickness of the polymer coating and on the distribution constant for the ana lyte.Extraction time is determined by the length of time necessary to obtain precise extractions for the analytes with the highest distributionconstants. The distribution constant generally increases with increase molecular weight and change state point of the analyte. Selectivity canbe neutered by changing the type of polymer coating on the fiber, or the coating thickness, to match the characteristics of the analytes of interest. In general, volatile compounds require a thick coating, and a thin coating is most effective for adsorbing/desorbing semivolatile analytes. Desorption of an analyte from an SPME fiber depends on the boiling point of the analyte, the thickness of the coating on the fiber, and the temperature of the injection port. Nonpolar analytes are most effectively extracted with a unionised fiber coating and polar analytes are most effectively extracted with a polar coating, just as nonpolar or polar analytes are most effectively study on a gas chromatography colu mn of like polarity.In SPME however, because just now 1cm of fiber is exposed to the sample matrix, the fiber coating must be either nonpolar or strongly polar in nature. The small differences in stationary phase polarity that are useful in gas chromatography (a 5% diphenylsiloxane/95% dimethylsiloxane phases versus a 100% dimethylsiloxane phase, for example) will not produce appreciable selectivity differences in SPME. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the non- polar stationary phase that has been used in this experiment. The R groups are all CH3, giving a liquid that is relatively nonpolar. In general, polar fibers are used for polar analytes and nonpolar fibres for non-polar analytes. Before proceed the analysis, the sample must be heated to make the sample attach to the fibre. The fibre was put into the vial that contains the sample. The vial was heated by using the water bath at 500C this was done because if the temperature was not strictly controlled, the components of inte rest from the sample that we wanted to collect will not be able to obtain.We controlled the temperature by adding cold water inside the water bath system if the temperature goes high, reduced the amount of water, and also increased the hot plates temperature if the temperature goes low than 500C.Before placing the fibre into the sample vial through its septum, the fibre was first injected into the injection port of the GCMS at temperature of 2500C for 10 minutes so that any interferences and contaminants can be effectively removed. By doing this, we very want to make sure that no impurities existed on the fibre. Thus, we can be sure that we are actuallyinjecting pure vapor of samples components obtained from exposing the fibre to the headspace of the vial. After the extraction time was completed, we transferred the fibre immediately to injection port for injection purpose, as we did not want any of the components of sample that we collected to be disappeared into the surrounding.Af ter the extraction time was completed, we transferred the fibre immediately to injection port for injection purpose, as we did not want any of the components of sample that we collected to be disappeared into the surrounding. After 80 seconds of injection, the fibrewas pulled out from the injection port. The 80 seconds period is known as desorption time. The factors that effects on determining desorption times are carrier gas linear flow and temperature. These factors will influence the carryover experience on the fibre. There are several factors that effects on precision of the fibre such as condition of the fiber, GC injector (fibre positioning), desorption time, sample volume, agitation, extraction time and temperature. During the experiment, there were source of phantasm occurred such as personal and methods error. For example, when heated, the temperature was not maintained at 50oC. Besides, the fibre was not quickly injected into the GC-MS which can cause the sample to vapori ze and in the end the analytes disappear. To get the best result, ensuring the fibre and sample is heated interminable and maintain the temperature at 50oC so that the compounds of sample can attached and coated to the fibre.SPME has several most-valuable advantages compared to traditional sample preparation techniques. The advantages of SPME discuss. The SPME method for semivolatile analysis consists of inserting the fiber device into the aqueous sample matrix, pushing the plunger to expose the fiber, retracting the fiber into the needle when equilibrium has been reached, and finally introducing the fiber into the analytical instrument. During desorbtion of the analyte, the polymeric phase is cleaned and therefore ready for reuse. The absence of solvent in SPME is an important feature, as it is not merely environmentally friendly but makes the separation faster, which increases throughput and allows for the use of simpler instruments. another(prenominal) importantfeature of SPME is its small size, which is convenient for design. Another important feature of SPME is its small size, which is convenient for designing portable devices for theatre of operations work.Since the amount of extracting phase is small, the equilibrium of the system is not disturbed and can therefore be examine. Very small objects can be studied with miniature fibers, such as a single flower or even a single cell. The sensitivity and limit of determination is alike(p) to techniques that rely on liquid extraction. Although only a small ploughshare of analyte is extracted from the matrix, all extracted analytes are transferred to the analytical instrument. This is in contrast to liquid extractions, where the mass of analyte is transferred from a given sample to the organic phase but only a small portion (1/100 or 1/1000) of the extracted analyte is introduced to the analytical instrument. The analyte if the sample non volatile the other extraction method can hand by placing the SPM E fiber directly into the aqueous sample.ConclusionIn conclusion, since hydrocarbon is volatile compound, the extraction procedure by placing the SPME fiber in the headspace above the sample can extract the analyte and directly injected to the GCMS, the components in the sample can be identified using the GCMS where we can compare the obtained spectra with the instruments library. From the experiment we are successfully determine the compounds that make in the thinner, kerosene, diesel and petrol. The hydrocarbons that present in unknown are similar to those in kerosene because it is preferably similar in chromatography diagram.Besides, the sample are not quality so that the result that we obtain is not accurate a bit because of oftenly used.Recommendations1. washing the injector properly so that, no contaminate will occurred. References1. http//www.sciencedirect.com/science2. www.geocities.com/hpgc/chem700/spmenotes.pdf